Influence of biosolids and fertilizer amendments on element concentrations and revegetation of copper mine tailings
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Gardner, W. C., Naeth, M. A., Broersma, K., Chanasyk, D. S. and Jobson, A. M. 2012. Influence of biosolids and fertilizer amendments on element concentrations and revegetation of copper mine tailings. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 89-102. A 3-yr field study on copper mine tailings in British Columbia determined the effects of fertilizer and biosolids on element concentrations in tailings and vegetation and on plant biomass. Biosolids applied at 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 Mg ha-1 (dry weight) increased total carbon, iron, magnesium, nickel, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur and zinc and available ammonium, iron, manganese, nitrate, phosphorus and zinc in tailings. With highest applications on silt loam tailings, total zinc (214 mg kg-1) exceeded Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment guidelines for agricultural soils. Total chromium and copper exceeded these guidelines but not due to biosolids, being high in controls (chromium 38, 8; copper 647, 1291 mg kg-1; silt loam and sandy sites, respectively). Plant tissue calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, nitrogen and zinc increased with increasing biosolids. Plant tissue calcium (20 g kg-1) and molybdenum (5 mg kg-1) exceeded National Research Council maximums for beef cattle. Total molybdenum in unamended silt loam (35 mg kg-1) and sandy tailings (18 mg kg-1) and vegetation on silt loam (112 mg kg-1) were high. Biosolids had variable effects on tailings molybdenum and decreased total plant tissue molybdenum. Fertilizer and control treatments had limited plant growth. Managed biosolids use in reclamation can ameliorate sites and facilitate vegetation establishment, with low environmental risk.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".