Supplemental material: Barchan dunes stabilized under recent climate warming on the northern Great Plains
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Methods and ResultsOptical ages reported by Wolfe et al. (2001) used sand-sized (90-125 and 80-250) μm K-feldspar grains with 1.4eV (infrared) excitation and measurement of the 3.1 eV (violet) emission under the MAAD (Multiple Aliquot Additive Dose) protocol.Feldspar was used due to the low-light emissions of quartz grains from these sands, particularly for younger samples.This technique has been used successfully on sand dunes in the Canadian Great Plains (Wolfe et al., 2004), with ages that are in agreement with radiocarbon ages (Wolfe et al., 2002;2008) and an optical age derived from quartz (Huntley and Lamothe, 2001).Thus, the optical ages represent accurate burial times since the last exposure of feldspar grains to sunlight.Anomalous fading tests were performed on selected samples, though corrections were not applied to calculated ages of 300 or less, due to the insignificant affect on these young ages.Complete details of the dating approach used, including a discussion of the accuracy of the ages, are contained within Wolfe et al. (2001) andDavid et al. (1999).Thirty-one samples were collected from natural exposures and from shallow pits dug on the surface of stabilized dunes.Samples were only collected from dunes with
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.214 | 0.022 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".