A Label-Free Untethered Approach to Single-Molecule\nProtein Binding Kinetics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Single\nmolecule approaches provide rich real-time dynamics of molecular\ninteractions that are not accessible to ensemble measurements. Previous\nsingle molecule studies have relied on labeling and tethering, which\nalters the natural state of the protein. Here we use the double-nanohole\n(DNH) optical tweezer approach to measure protein binding kinetics\nat the single molecule level in a label-free, free-solution (untethered)\nway. The binding kinetics of human serum albumin (HSA) to tolbutamide\nand to phenytoin are in quantitative agreement with previous measurements,\nand our single-molecule approach reveals a biexponential behavior\ncharacteristic of a multistep process. The DNH optical tweezer is\nan inexpensive platform for studying the real-time binding kinetics\nof protein–small molecule interactions in a label-free, free-solution\nenvironment, which will be of interest to future studies including\ndrug discovery.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".