Geotechnical behaviour of bentonitic clay seam
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Thin layers of soft clay seam exist beneath the earth surface at several locations in Western Canada. They were formed out of volcanic eruptions in the past and were buried due to geological depositions on them from the top. Over the years, they have undergone several fabric and mineralogical transformations due to in situ pressure and existing physicochemical environment. Relative shearing of soil layers above and below a clay seam is always possible in the presence of a source of shearing. Several casing (meant for extracting oil) failures have been reported from the oil fields of Alberta due to such relative shearing of soil layers above and below the existing clay seam. At these sites, cyclic steam stimulation (a thermal process) technique is used to extract oil. In the mentioned technique, steam at high pressure and temperature is injected in oil bearing formations to reduce their viscosity before extraction, and it also acts as an excitation source of shearing along the clay seam. Beforehand knowledge of relative shear displacement along clay seam caused by a certain steam pressure can help reduce the number of casing failures. In the present work, an analytical elastic model has been developed to estimate the shear displacement along the clay seam due to steam injection. Concepts of elastic fracture mechanics were used to estimate the relative displacement. Several laboratory tests including creep test, direct shear box test, mineralogical and fabric analyses were conducted on samples of clay seam for their complete characterization.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".