Prospective relationship between risk perception & teen toba
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Approximately 3,000 children and adolescents become regular smokers each day, with about six million youth reporting current tobacco use. At least two thirds of adolescents have tried cigarettes, more than one third are currently smoking, and as many as a quarter of these adolescents smoke every day. While adolescent cigarette use has declined since the 1970's, recent research suggests cigarette smoking among teenagers is now on the rise. Given these current rates of tobacco use, at least 5 million children under age 18 will eventually die from smoking-related diseases. Tobacco use accounts for over 450,000 total deaths and 170,000 cancer deaths every year in the United States, and over 30 percent of all cancer deaths are caused by tobacco. Initiation of smoking during adolescence is particularly important to study, especially since approximately 90% of all adult smokers began smoking at or prior to age 18. Many researchers, health practitioners and policy-makers have argued that the reason for adolescents’ engagement in risk behaviors, including tobacco use, is that they perceive themselves as invulnerable to harm. Unfortunately, few studies have followed non-smoking adolescents over time. Such a study would allow for the examination of changes in risk perceptions and perceptions of vulnerability once onset of tobacco use occurs. This research is critical in understanding whether risk judgments motivate behavior or are instead reflective of adolescents’ past behavioral experiences. The ultimate goal of this research is to inform and improve programs that attempt to reduce or prevent adolescent tobacco use. Following a group of 9th graders, we propose to examine whether: 1) risk judgments influence the onset of tobacco use; 2) the onset of tobacco use plays a role in shaping subsequent risk judgments; 3) risk judgments change once an adolescent has experienced tobacco-related negative outcomes; 4) knowledge of friends’ or family members’ use of tobacco influence risk judgments and tobacco use; and 5) the relationship between risk perceptions and tobacco use varies by gender and race/ethnicity. Studies have indicated that following adolescents from age 14 on appears to be the period from which the majority of changes in smoking behavior will be observed. Therefore, the study population will be approximately 600 9th graders from the Bay Area. These participants will vary by ethnicity. Study participants will be recruited from their 9th grade classes and then surveyed, by mail, every 6 months, for a total of three years. Adolescents will answer questions about their perceptions of risk to tobacco-related negative outcomes, their current and past use of tobacco, experiences with any tobacco-related negative or positive outcomes, vicarious exposure to peers and family members who smoke, and vicarious exposure to tobacco-related negative and positive outcomes. Results from this study will be useful for researchers, health practitioners, and policy makers who are interested in understanding why adolescents onset to tobacco use. Results will also be useful to further the development of effective, theory-based interventions to reduce adolescent tobacco use.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".