From a Special Relationship to a Pluralistic Security Community: A Study of Indonesia-Malaysia Relations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aim of this thesis is to examine the concept of a special relationship and its links with a pluralistic security community. A special relationship is a close relation between two states founded on two sources of closeness, that of the two states' common identities and shared strategic interests. By contrast, a pluralistic security community is formed by states where neither of them would even consider the use of violence as a means to resolve their disputes. The thesis addresses a central question: under what circumstances could a special relationship lead to the emergence of a pluralistic security community? The thesis develops a theoretical framework based on constructivist theory in order to explain the dynamics of a special relationship, and its transformation into a pluralistic security community. It uses the histories of Anglo-American and US-Canada relations from the 1850s to the 1960s to substantiate its arguments. The thesis argues that a special relationship produces double-edged effects - substantial cooperation and substantial conflicts - between the two states concerned. Meanwhile, a special relationship constitutes a security regime, which means two states sharing special ties are committed to avoiding war between them. Because of this commitment, the substantial conflicts in a special relationship will not easily become violent ones. The thesis then argues that based on its existing function as a security regime, a special relationship will transform into a pluralistic security community when a power imbalance exists between the two states involved. In other words, the presence of a power imbalance in a special relationship is necessary, if it is to transform into a pluralistic security community. The thesis tests its hypothesis through the examination of Indonesia-Malaysia relations from 1957 to 2009. It makes four contributions to the existing literature on International Relations: it develops an understanding of a special relationship with theoretical foundations; it clarifies the interrelation between a special relationship and a pluralistic security community; it provides a clearer understanding of the relationship between power and common identities of the states concerned; finally, it strengthens the existing understanding of Indonesia-Malaysia relations by providing an explanation of the interplay of power and common identities in the relationship.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".