Ghost biofuel projects: Abandoned Jatropha Curcas plantations and community wellbeing in Tana River County of Kenya
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ontext and background In the mid-2000s there was aggressive promotion of large scale farming of Jatropha Curcas in Sub-Sahara Africa as a means to mitigate climate change through promotion of clean energy production and green energy security. However, many of these Jatropha projects were abandoned before reaching the production stage and ended up as a non-operational projects. The impact of abandoned Jatropha projects to the local communities that hosted them are an understudied phenomenon in Kenya and elsewhere. Goal and Objectives: The objective of this article is to explore how the failed Jatropha projects impact the wellbeing of local communities using the case study of Bedford biofuels project implemented by a Canadian investor in the Lower Tana Delta area of Tana River County in Kenya. Methodology: Empirical evidence of this article was obtained through individual and focus group interviews, observation and complemented with secondary sources. Results: This article unpacks the impact of a non-operational land deals on the local communities to advance the growing literature on the consequences of large scale land investments projects that get abandoned before the production phase and it submits that
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".