Nyctinomops macrotis J. E. Gray 1839
Bibliographic record
Abstract
46. Big Free-tailed Bat Nyctinomops macrotis French: Grand Nyctinomope / German: GrolRe Bulldogfledermaus / Spanish: Nyctonimo grande Taxonomy. Nyctinomus macrotis J. E. Gray, 1839, “ Cuba.” This species is monotypic. Distribution. Patchily distributed from SW USA (SE Nevada, S Utah, and S Colorado) to S Mexico, the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, and Hispaniola), and South America in Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, and N Argentina; it probably also occurs in French Guiana. Extralimital records are reported as far N as SW Canada (British Columbia). Descriptive notes. Head—body 73-89 mm, tail 40-63 mm, ear 24-32 mm, hindfoot 7-13 mm, forearm 54-65 mm; weight 17-34 g. Males are slightly larger than females. The Big Free-tailed Bat is the largest species in this genus. Dorsal fur ranges from reddish to blackish brown, hairs having whitish base; ventral furis slightly paler and sometimes with lightly frosted tips. Ears are large and hairy, with connection over forehead. Wings are long and narrow, and wing membrane is thin and leathery. Legs are short and strong. Upperlips are wrinkled and overhang lower lip. I* is nearly vertical and parallel in front view. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48 and FN = 58. Habitat. Dry forest, thorn forest, wet forest, scrubland, and savanna, from sea level to 2600 m in elevation. Food and Feeding. The Big Free-tailed Bat feeds mainly on large moths (Lepidoptera), but also eats crickets (Gryllidae), bush crickets (Tettigoniidae), flying ants (Formicidae), stinkbugs (Pentatomidae), froghoppers (Cercopidae), and leathoppers (Cicadellidae). Breeding. One young is born in late spring or early summer. Pregnant females were found from April to July, and lactating females have been documented from June to October; most of these data are from the northern part of the range. A suckling young attached to the mother was reported in September. Activity patterns. The Big Free-tailed Bat usually does not leave its day roost until after dark to forage, but it has been documented flying at dusk. Itis a strong flier that does not need to drop from its roost to take flight, as do most other molossids. This species roosts in tree hollows, rock crevices, cracks of cliffs, caves, buildings, and bridges. The searchphase echolocation call is a long, narrowband, single harmonic signal with a downward FM with an average peak frequency of 20-2 kHz. Owls are known to prey on this species. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Big Free-tailed Bat is reported to roost singly, but also forming colonies of up to 150 individuals. During summer, there is sexual segregation with females and young in maternity colonies. In the northern part of its range,it exhibits migratory behavior. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Bibliography. Arita (2014e), Eger (2008), Milner et al. (1990), Mora & Torres (2008), Rocha et al. (2015), Silva-Taboada (1979), Warner et al. (1974).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.007 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".