A Capillary Probe for Ion Extraction from Liquid Xenon
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Double beta decay is a process whereby two neutrons simultaneously decay into protons, emitting two electrons. The 100 kg scale EXO-200 precisely measured these decays with the emission of two neutrinos (136Xe 2νββ), with a half-life to be 2.165±0.016(stat)±0.059(syst)×1021 years. If the neutrino is a Majorana fermion, double beta decays are also possible without the emission of any neutrinos. EXO-200 placed one of the most stringent lower limits on the 136Xe 0νββ decay half-life at 3.5×1025 years. Multi-ton detectors like the 5t nEXO are planned with ∼100 times greater reach. nEXO's projected half-life sensitivity is 1.35×1028 years. This is accomplished by stringent control of all sources of background, along with taking advantage of the rich energy and topological information and the exquisite self-shielding of a large time projection chamber (TPC) with scintillation light readout.Future upgraded detectors could also observe the 136Ba ions resulting from 136Xe double beta decays (so-named barium tagging) and eliminate all background signals other than the 2νββ decay. The high efficiency detection of a single ion following a double beta decay event in a potentially multi-ton detector medium is a challenging task. One proposed scheme is to extract 136Ba ions by flowing xenon through a small capillary for transport to subsequent stages of detection. Progress at Carleton University on the development of a capillary-based probe for individual ion extraction from liquid xenon will be presented, along with details of the experimental apparatus and the simulations of each step of the extraction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".