Replication Data for: Effect of social relationships on dairy cows’ decision to move to and from an outdoor area.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Leader-follower behaviours have been described in cattle housed on pasture and when entering the milking parlour. To our knowledge, no study has investigated these behaviours in cattle provided free-choice access to the outdoors. This study explores whether the timing of cows exiting and entering the barn from an outdoor area is associated with the movement of their herd mates. We followed 18 lactating Holstein cows housed indoors in a freestall barn together with 18 non-experimental cows, for on average 77 d (range: 74 – 80). The 18 experimental cows were allowed free access to an outdoor open pack (sand covered with woodchips) through an automated selection gate which automatically recorded when a cow exited the barn. To enter the barn from outside, cows went through a one-way gate; time of entry was recorded from video. Cows moved in and out of the barn on average 269 times (range: 68 – 472). A Gaussian mixture model was applied to the log of the frequency distribution of time intervals between each cow and the next for each entry and exit. On the basis of where the curves intersected, we identified a threshold interval of 42 s between consecutive exits or entries to consider movements as associated. Applying this threshold, 13.8 % of events were associated with the movement of another cow: 11.2 % of exits and 16.4 % of entries. We created a leader-follower matrix for each direction: the leader being the cow initiating the movement, and the follower the one walking through the same gate within 42 s of the leader. These association matrices were used to build weighted and directed social networks for exits and entries; we found a moderate positive correlation between the networks (RQAP = 0.69, p < 0.001), meaning the patterns of association between cows observed when exiting the barn were consistent with those when they entered. Just over a third of the relations in the networks were asymmetrical; in contrast, leader-follower theory would predict that one individual within each pair would lead consistently. We identified 17 of 153 possible between-cow pairings as preferentially bonded; these pairs had a simple ratio index of association more than twice the average of all possible pairs. We conclude that some of the cow movements to and from an outdoor pack were influenced by the movements of other group members, and these associations were particularly strong between some pairs of cows.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.058 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.260 | 0.051 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".