A Comprehensive Survey on the Application of Deep and Reinforcement Learning Approaches in Autonomous Driving
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recent advances in Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) have stimulated and paved the way toward the widespread introduction of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs). This has opened new opportunities for smart roads, intelligent traffic safety, and traveler comfort. Autonomous Vehicles have become a highly popular research topic in recent years because of their significant capability to reduce road accidents and human injuries. This paper is an attempt to survey all recent AI based techniques used to deal with major functions in AVs, namely scene understanding, motion planning, decision making, vehicle control, social behavior, and communication. Our survey focuses solely on deep learning and reinforcement learning based approaches; it does not include conventional (shallow) shallow based techniques, a subject that has been extensively investigated in the past. Our survey builds a taxonomy of DL and RL algorithms that have been used so far to bring solutions to the four main issues in autonomous driving. Finally, this survey highlights the open challenges and points out possible future research directions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".