Integumentary impressions on hadrosaurid specimens from the Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian) Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta, Canada: implications for integument patterns and hand morphology
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fossilized dinosaur skin provides information about scale morphology, scale patterns, and soft-tissue structures that are otherwise unknown from skeletal elements. Here, we describe three indeterminate hadrosaurid specimens with extensive skin impressions from the Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian) Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta that shed light on the diversity of integument patterns and manus soft-tissue morphology within Hadrosauridae. Skin impressions on the anterior torso of a juvenile hadrosaurid reveal a scale pattern of alternating vertical bands of small polygonal and pebbly basement scales. If these scale stripes corresponded to color stripes in life then this hadrosaur species may have preferred open habitats, as modern animals with vertical color stripes often live in such habitats. Integument preserved on the manus of two other specimens show that digits II–III–IV were of subequal length and united in a common fleshy structure, as opposed to those previously described from exceptionally preserved Edmontosaurus annectens mummies, in which digit II is apparently shorter and independent from digits III–IV. As such, the diversity of soft-tissue morphology in the manus within Hadrosauridae may be greater than previously realized.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".