Injury patterns in motor vehicle collision-pediatric pedestrian deaths
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To describe fatal pediatric pedestrian injury patterns and correlate them with motor vehicle collision (MVC) characteristics and pedestrian kinematics using data from medicolegal death investigations of MVCs occurring in the current Canadian MV fleet and determine the applicability of the classical “Waddell’s triad” comprising knee, hip (femur) or pelvis and craniocerebral injuries to present data injury patterns. An Injury Data Collection Form was used to extract MV, MVC, pedestrian demographic and injury information from the Office of the Chief Coroner for Ontario database using autopsy data from 2013 to 2018. Injuries were coded using the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2015 revision. The study focused on AIS ≥3 injuries utilizing the Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale (MAIS), MAIS by Body Region (MAISBR) and Injury Severity Score (ISS). Between 2013 and 2018, there were 25 pediatric deaths. The pedestrians were either struck and run over (n = 17, 68%; 56% low speed) or struck and projected (n = 8, 32%). Twenty-two deaths were from frontal impacts; three were from reversing vehicles. Fourteen of the 17 (82.4%) run over cases occurred at low speed (<30 km/h). In 9 (36%) cases, the vehicle was turning at impact (right n = 3, left n = 6). A majority of the vehicles had a high hood edge. The head was the most severely injured (median MAISBR = 5 overall and ≤10 years; median MAISBR = 6 for 11–14 years old) followed by the neck (MAISBR = 3 overall; 6–14 years old), and the thorax (median MAISBR = 3 overall; all age groups). For the early adolescents (11-14 years old), the serious injury pattern included the abdomen (median MAISBR = 3.5). Nearly half (n = 11, 44%) sustained brainstem injuries. Over fifty percent of the 16 cases with neck injuries (n = 9, 56.3%) had atlanto-occipital or axial dislocation. More than half of the deaths occurred during low speed run overs. MAIS ≥3 injuries trended to a dyad of head and thorax in ≤5 years old, a triad of head, neck, and thorax injuries in children 6–10 years old and a tetrad with the addition of abdominal injuries in pedestrians ≥11 years old. Waddell’s triad was not applicable to the fatal cases in the present study.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".