Additional file 1 of Systemic lupus Erythematosus and geomagnetic disturbances: a time series analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Additional file 1. Supplementary section The Ap index is a measure of the general level of geomagnetic activity over the globe for a given day. It is derived from measurements made at a number of stations world-wide of the variation of the geomagnetic field due to currents flowing in the earth's ionosphere and, to a lesser extent, in the earth's magnetosphere. The official values for Ap are calculated by the GeoForschungsZentrum Helmholtz Centre Potsdam (Germany) [39]. The sunspot number index R is a measure of the area of solar surface covered by spots. As the number of spots increases and their magnetic complexity grows, they become likely sources of large eruptive energy releases known as solar flares. The sunspot number index is also often called Wolf number in reference to the Swiss astronomer J. R. Wolf who introduced this index in 1848 [40]. The sun emits radio energy with slowly varying intensity. This radio flux, which originates from atmospheric layers high in the sun's chromosphere and low in its corona, changes gradually from day to day in response to the number of spot groups on the disk. Solar flux from the entire solar disk at a frequency of 2800 MHz has been recorded routinely by a radio telescope near Ottawa since February 1947 and is called the F10.7 index40. The AU (amplitude upper) index describes the disturbance level recorded by auroral zone magnetometers [40]. The radiation hazard from solar proton events (SPEs) has been characterized in terms of integral fluxes above selected threshold energies. We used high energy proton fluxes >60 MeV for our analysis [41].
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.025 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.793 | 0.097 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".