Influence of drinking water quality on the formation of corrosion scales in lead-bearing drinking water distribution systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lead in drinking water occurs in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) where lead pipes are used as service lines. Using data gathered from 4 different Canadian cities, we link drinking water quality to composition of corrosion scales obtained on exhumed lead pipes servicing those municipalities. The data presented encompasses a 10-year span and a detailed layer profile analysis of the solids present in lead bearing service lines; where different layers within the corrosion scale formed inside lead pipes are identified and thoroughly characterized. The results obtained clearly show that the corrosion layers in direct contact with drinking water are rich in lead oxides phases and aluminosilicates. In contrast, lead carbonates are the main phases present on corrosion scales in direct contact with the metallic lead pipe. This heterogeneity on phase distribution is correlated to the radial distance from the corrosion scales to the water/solid interphase and water quality servicing those municipalities. Statistical analysis suggests that dissolved Al, Mn, Cu, Ni, and As accumulate on the corrosion scales with preferential accumulation of specific elements heavily dependent on distinct municipality water quality.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".