Ultra low loss broadband 1 × 2 optical power splitters with various splitting ratios
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We designed Si-based all-dielectric 1 × 2 TE and TM power splitters with various splitting ratios by combining the use of the inverse design of adjoint and numerical 3D finite-difference time-domain methods. The structure of the designed Si-based power splitters contains two Si waveguide branches on a SiO2 substrate that is compatible with CMOS fabrication technology. The proposed devices exhibit ultra-high transmission efficiency above 98 and 99%, and excess losses below 0.1 and 0.035 dB, for TE and TM splitters, respectively. The merits of these devices include a minor footprint of 2.2 × 2.2 µm2 and a flat-broad operating bandwidth of 200 nm with a center wavelength of λ = 1.55 µm. Also, the other advantage of these optical power splitters is the very short optimization time of 2 h for each device. Because of the aforementioned merits, the optimized devices can be crucial candidates for optical integrated circuits.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".