Detection and Identification of Spirolides in Norwegian\nShellfish and Plankton
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mussels sampled in the spring of 2002 and 2003 from Skjer, a location in Sognefjord, Norway,\ntested positive in the mouse bioassay for lipophilic toxins. The symptoms, which included\ncramps, jumping, and short survival times (as low as 4 min), were not characteristic of toxins\npreviously observed in Norway. A survey of the algae present at the aquaculture sites showed\nthat the toxicity correlated with blooms of <i>Alexandrium ostenfeldii</i>. Up to 2200 cells/L were\nfound at the peak of one bloom. In Canadian waters, this alga is known to be a producer of the\ncyclic imine toxins, spirolides. Analysis of mussel extracts from Skjer in the spring of 2002\nand 2003, using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, revealed the presence of\nseveral new spirolides. The same compounds were also found in algal samples dominated by\n<i>A. ostenfeldii</i>, which had been sampled from Skjer in February 2003. A large-scale extraction\nof mussel digestive glands and chromatographic fractionation of the extracts allowed the\nisolation and structure elucidation of the main spirolide, 20-methyl spirolide G, with a molecular\nweight of 705.5. This is the first confirmed occurrence of spirolides in mussels and plankton\nfrom Norway.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.035 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".