The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 145. Muhlenbergia frondosa (Poir.) Fernald
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Darbyshire, S. J., Francis, A., Crompton, C. W. and Swanton, C. J. 2011. The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 145. Muhlenbergia frondosa (Poir.) Fernald. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 205-219. Muhlenbergia frondosa is a perennial grass native to eastern North America, which naturally inhabits moist to wet forest margins and openings, freshwater littoral habitats, and grasslands. In Canada, its spread as a weed appears to have coincided with changes in cultivation practices during the past few decades. Infestations in such crops as maize and soya bean have been reported mainly from southern Ontario and Quebec, and the Midwest and northeastern areas of the United States, where it reduces yields and can be difficult to control. It is shade tolerant and able to compete under the closed canopy of crops. Although this weed can be controlled by herbicides, its ability to spread by regrowth from rhizomes, and its abundant seed production, cause ongoing problems in arable fields, particularly in conservation-tillage systems. As a warm-season C4 grass, growth begins relatively late in the season (early June in Canada), after most intensive weed control measures have already been taken. Timing herbicide application with active growth stages (10-30 cm) is most effective and the use of herbicide-tolerant crops provides additional control opportunities after crop planting.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".