Techno-Economic Feasibility Study for a Deep Geothermal Systemat the Calgary International Airport
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A techno-economic feasibility study was conducted to assess the viability of a deep geothermal system at the Calgary International Airport, given the estimated subsurface conditions and to support the Calgary Airport Authority’s net-zero targets. The National Renewable Energy Lab’s GEOPHIRES-X software was used to simulate reservoir, wellbore, and surface plant performance to estimate energy production and cost for a closed-loop geothermal system (CLGS). Results show that a CLGS is technically and economically feasible when configured for direct-use heat application. Comparison to the modelled business-as-usual forecast, demonstrates a positive impact on overall energy use and the resulting emissions and energy costs through the study period. The CLGS for direct-use heating performs better than a solar PV array with battery energy storage for the same application, however, in assessing electricity generation of the two renewable technologies, the solar PV array outperforms the deep geothermal system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".