Ontario's Leucotomy Program: The Roles of Patient, Physician, and Profession
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Psychosurgery has a long, colourful, and often tumultuous history in which it has been viewed as both a panacea and a horror-show. Although research on the topic has been conducted in the United States and Europe, very little research exists on psychosurgery in Canada. Where scholars have examined Canada, only a cursory overview of Ontario’s experience has been provided. As a result, many questions remain unanswered including how the program was administrated, how patients were chosen as candidates for the procedure, and who the leucotomized were. In order to address the gap in the literature, this thesis presents a detailed account of psychosurgery in Ontario by investigating the roles of profession, physician, and patient. The leucotomy program in Ontario began in 1941 and continued into the mid-1960s, the process used to administer the treatment was bureaucratically organized and streamlined, and over 1,400 patients were leucotomized during this controversial era.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.013 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.016 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".