Surprising morphological, ecological and ITS sequence diversity in the Arrhenia acerosa complex (Basidiomycota: Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A molecular genetic study of the Arrhenia acerosa complex using the ITS fungal barcoding marker revealed unexpected diversity along a cascading group supporting over 20 lineages. Among these, we identified five previously described species: A. acerosa s.str., A. glauca, A. latispora, A. subglobisemen, and Rhodocybe tillii (recombined as A. tillii). We described four new species: A. fenicola from Canadian prairie grasslands, A. juncorum and A. leucotricha, both on live and dead herbaceous material in European wetlands, and A. svalbardensis from the high Arctic. All nine taxa treated here were fixed with sequenced types. In addition, we identified seven other lineages, some only represented by a single collection, requiring further study before description, and four groups of two species or more, also requiring further dissection before circumscription of their constituents. The diversity of the complex with respect to size, colour, habitat, range, distribution, and substrate preference is made more intriguing by the presence of several lineages of brown omphalinoid species, differing from the typically pleurotoid forms in this complex. We generated 97 of the 131 ITS sequences studied, adding 65 new sequences from the acerosa complex.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".