Supermovers? Childhood internal mobility in Sweden
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sweden is known for its high residential mobility rates, especially among families. Moving in childhood may be associated with negative health and educational outcomes in adulthood, and effects tend to be larger for children who move frequently. Moving frequently is more common among children in families experiencing instability, poverty and with a migrant background. This paper is concerned with supermovers, children who move three times or more in childhood, in Sweden. The aim is to examine the extent to which recent cohorts of children are supermovers, and whether the frequency of moves is associated to migrant background, family stability and parental socioeconomic status. We also explore whether supermovers are more likely to move longer distances and move to worse neighbourhoods compared to those moving once or twice, as this might exacerbate the impact on later-life outcomes for these children. We use longitudinal register data, comparing the cohorts of children born in 1990 and 2000, following them from age 0 to 16. We find that it is very common for children to move: more than 70 percent of children moves at least once, while about a quarter of children can be labelled as supermovers across cohorts. Children with a migrant background, especially those from the Middle East, are more likely to be supermovers than other children, and are more likely to move longer distances. Children experiencing parental union dissolution are not only more likely to move but also to move very frequently. Socioeconomically disadvantaged children are more often supermovers, while children with high educated parents more often move a few times. Children move at all ages, but especially so before starting primary school. Most children move to better neighbourhoods, though supermovers are more likely to move to lower income neighbourhoods. Together, there are signs of childhood mobility being stratified by migrant background, family instability and parental socioeconomic status, implying that children in vulnerable situations face additional instability due to moving very frequently.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".