Informative Inventory Report 2023. Emissions of transboundary air pollutants in the Netherlands 1990–2021
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The emissions of ammonia decreased in 2021 by 1.4 Gg to a total of 121.9 Gg as result of decreasing animal numbers and a lower protein content in feed to dairy cows. With a reduction of 21% compared to 2005 the ammonia emissions comply with the reduction target of 13% as set by the European Union and the UNECE under the Gothenburg Protocol. Compared to 2020 the emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds increased by 7.8 Gg. This increase is mainly the result of increased use of disinfectants as result of the corona pandemic. With a reduction of 8% in 2021 under the European Unions-National Emissions Ceilings Directive the emission reduction is in compliance with the reduction target of 8% as set by the European Union. However, unlike for the EU-inventory, under the UNECE Gothenburg Protocol the emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds from manure management and agricultural soils are included in the inventory. This leads to a higher emission total with the result that the reduction target of 8% under the UNECE Gothenburg Protocol is not met in 2021. Despite a 4% increase in total passenger car mileage in 2021 (this is still 12% lower than before de Covid19 pandemic), total nitrogen oxides emissions decreased by 4.1 Gg mainly as result of increasingly cleaner road traffic vehicles. Under both the European Unions-National Emissions Ceilings Directive and the UNECE Gothenburg Protocol a reduction target of 45% compared to 2005 was set. With a reduction of respectively 56% and 52% compared to 2005 the nitrogen oxide emissions comply with the reduction target. The emissions sulphur oxides increased with 1.2 Gg compared to 2020. This increase is mainly a result of higher coal use for energy purposes and higher oil use in refineries. Under both the European Unions-National Emissions Ceilings Directive and the UNECE Gothenburg Protocol a reduction target was set of 28% compared to 2005. With a reduction of 69% the sulphur oxides emissions for both comply with the reduction target. For non-methane volatile organic compounds the Netherlands applied for an continuation of an inventory adjustment to meet compliance with the reduction target set by the UNECE under the Gothenburg Protocol. The Informative Inventory Report 2023 was drawn up by the RIVM and partner institutes, which collaborate to analyse and report emission data each year – an obligatory procedure for Member States. The analyses are used to support Dutch policy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.022 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".