Market integration from the Black Death to the First World War
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This is the replication package for the paper 'European Goods Market Integration in the Very Long Run: From the Black Death to the First World War', Journal of Economic History. Drawing on extensive new evidence, this paper argues that price convergence across European wheat markets was a largely pre-modern phenomenon, starting as early as the late 15th century and, interruptions notwithstanding, continuing into the mid-19th century. The last quarter of the 19th century was characterized by divergence as trade policy decisions came to dominate technical change. The ‘Little Divergence’ between North-Western Europe and the rest of the continent shows up in the price data from about 1600. Market efficiency began to improve in the early 16th century and was as uneven over time as convergence in prices. This, the paper argues, was an outcome of differential institutional change and non-synchronous diffusion of systems of information transmission across space. <br><br><br><br>
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.015 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.009 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".