Money Attitudes Among Iranians: A Test of Yamauchi and Templer’s Money Attitudes Scale
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The factor structure of Yamauchi and Templer’s (1982) attitudes toward money scale was explored in Iran. While some items loaded on the same factors as found in western contexts, some unique factors were also found, reflecting particular cultural and economic impacts on money attitudes in Iran. Both etic and emic factors emerged. Saving was the only factor that emerged with the original scale items found in western cultures. Two of the original Anxiety items loaded onto a single factor, labelled Bargain-Conscious consistent with a small number of previous studies. Some of the Anxiety and Distrust items together loaded on the same factor in this research, as has been found in some existing studies in non-western cultures. Three sub-dimensions of Power were found in this sample, as opposed to one major Power dimension in the original scale, which may reflect specific contextual factors. Further, and contrary to previous findings, no significant correlations were found between any of the scale factors and gender, age, education, job level or salary.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".