Real-time observations of the microstructural evolution in compressed ice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A total of fourteen (14) small-scale compression tests have been conducted using a specially designed apparatus in order to observe the processes which alter the microstructure of the ice due to an applied stress. All tests were conducted using a 5 MPa load applied to a 0.8mm thick, 60mm diameter ice sample. Tests were conducted at temperatures of -10°C to 0°C, -10°C to -2°C, -15°C to -20°C, and 0°C. These tests were then compared to a base case in which the ice sample temperature was allowed to change from -10°C to 0°C without any applied load. Various processes which impact the structure of the ice were observed in real-time using a borescope camera, and the videos were analyzed following the test. Cracking occurred in all tests and was dependent on the ice temperature. Ice at -10°C cracked in one short event indicating sudden brittle fracture, while ice closer to the melting point and ice at -15°C was time-dependent and cracked over the course of minutes. Crack healing is observed in two cases: as a result of prolonged application of stress and the resulting creep, and due to pressure melting at temperatures close to the melting point. Grain nucleation was the dominant dynamic recrystallization process at temperatures less than around -3°C and always occurred in response to the applied stress. At temperatures within -3°C of the melting point, grain boundary migration became the dominant recrystallization process. Pressure melting is observed to occur at temperatures within -0.1°C of the melting point. Generally, processes occurred at faster rates at warmer temperatures closer to the melting point. An in-depth analysis of the observed processes is presented in this thesis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".