Data from: New and Old World phylogeography of pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus): the North American origin of introduced populations in Europe
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To determine the origin of introduced European populations of pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) – a freshwater sunfish, native to eastern North America that has spread across western and central Europe – we investigated the phylogeography of the species by sequencing the mitochondrial NADH subunit 1 gene. A total of 543 pumpkinseed were sampled from 32 sites across the native range of the species, and from 19 sites covering much of its introduced European range. The presence and geographic distribution of two distinct clades in North American populations were discovered, suggesting that pumpkinseed survived the Pleistocene glaciations in two refugia (Atlantic and Mississippian). Analyses of mitochondrial variation revealed that European pumpkinseed may have been introduced to Europe from at least two distinct sources, but from the Atlantic drainages of North America only, which is consistent with historical records. Within Europe, haplotype distributions of pumpkinseed lend support to the entry of non-native fishes into Iberia via the so-called ‘Perpignan–Barcelona corridor’. European populations possessed lower genetic diversity than populations from North America, suggesting that low genetic diversity may not preclude a species from establishing and spreading into new environments outside of their native range.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.015 | 0.010 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".