A photographic guide to spring phenology in woody plants of Western North America
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Studies of spring budburst frequently rely on observations from branch cuttings kept under controlled environmental conditions to test for species-level variation. While this approach provides a more mechanistic understanding of how budburst in adult trees responds to differ- ent environmental cues, it is critical that observations are standardized across species and studies. Standardized guides, such as the BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt, CHemische Industrie) scale, were developed to provide a consistent definition of each phenological stage of spring budburst. But given the diversity in species bud morphology, architecture, and observers’ interpretations, making consistent observations across growth stages is still challenging. To address these challenges, we developed a photoguide of the principal growth stages of budburst and leafout for our focal community, photographing BBCH stages 0 to 17 for woody plant species in western North American temperate forests.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.010 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.100 | 0.073 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".