Observations of Glaucous-winged Gulls preying on passerines at a Pacific Northwest colony
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Breeding within a seabird colony can have positive and negative effects for smaller passerine species. For example, they may profit from the anti-predator behavior of the seabirds as well as from the influx of food and nutrients brought into the community. However, these possible benefits might be offset by seabird predation. For instance, gulls are not only fierce defenders of their colony, but also opportunistic feeders. Here, we report predation of Glaucous-winged Gulls (Larus glaucescens) on Sooty Fox Sparrows (Passerella iliaca fuliginosa), Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia), and a European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris), observed on Mandarte Island, British Columbia, Canada. These observations provide new evidence for dietary supplements of Glaucous-winged Gulls and for a disadvantage of passerine life in a Glaucous-winged Gull colony.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".