Bibliographic record
Abstract
Douthittia n. g. (Fig. 16) Etymology. The name of the new genus refers to Herman Douthitt, a pioneer in the taxonomy of anoplocephalid cestodes of rodents. “ Douthittia ” is feminine. Diagnosis. Strobila long or of moderate length, relatively narrow. Scolex merging gradually with neck. Suckers embedded within scolex or slightly protruding, directed laterally or antero-laterally. Minimum neck width roughly half of scolex width (usually less in D. nordenskioeldi). Proglottids slightly or distinctly craspedote. Genital pores unilateral or infrequently (and irregularly) alternating. Genital ducts pass dorsal to longitudinal osmoregulatory canals. Testes mostly anterior to ovary, significantly overlapping latter and being often in contact with vitellarium. Antiporal testes overlap or extend slightly across antiporal ventral longitudinal canal, poral testes usually reaching corresponding poral canal (except in D. bairdi), but not overlapping it. Cirrus-sac rather wide, overlapping or extending across poral longitudinal canals. Vagina covered with distinct cell-layer; vagina and vaginal tube widening distally. Vagina slightly shorter than or as long as cirrus sac, position with respect to ventral longitudinal canal variable. Seminal receptacle spherical or subspherical, relatively small. Ovary median, large relative to proglottid size, usually filling whole space between ventral longitudinal canals. Vitellarium median or poral with respect to ovary. Early uterus anterior, ventral to other organs, extending laterally beyond longitudinal canals; lateral parts usually slightly widened posteriorly; reticulations relatively dense. In cricetid (Arvicolinae, Neotominae) and sciurid rodents in North America and Arctic Eurasia. Type species: D. nearctica (Haukisalmi & Henttonen, 2007) n. comb. Paranoplocephala nearctica Haukisalmi & Henttonen, 2007 Other species: D. bairdi (Schad, 1954) n. comb. Andrya bairdi Schad, 1954 Paranoplocephala bairdi Schad, 1954 Tenora, Murai & Vaucher, 1984 D. nordenskioeldi n. comb. Paranoplocephala nordenskioeldi Haukisalmi, Wickström, Hantula & Henttonen, 2001 Paranoplocephala alaskensis Haukisalmi & Henttonen, 2007 n. syn. D. primordialis (Douthitt, 1915) n. comb. Andrya primordialis Douthitt, 1915 Paranoplocephala primordialis (Douthitt, 1915) Tenora, Murai & Vaucher, 1986 Holotype of D. nearctica: MSB Endo 1 (included in the present phylogenetic analysis). Remarks. Douthittia resembles Eurotaenia, Arctocestus, Rauschoides and Lemminia in having a narrow neck and long vagina (relative to the length of the cirrus sac) and ovoid/pyriform (not elongated) seminal receptacle. Douthittia differs from Arctocestus and Lemminia by its more extensive distribution of testes in the poral part of the proglottid, and from Arctocestus and Rauschoides by its less numerous testes lateral to the antiporal ventral canal. Douthittia can be distinguished from Eurotaenia by the serrated, distinctly craspedote proglottids and prominently elongated anterior strobila (when fully relaxed) in the latter. For additional differences between Douthittia and Lemminia, see Remarks section for the latter genus. Douthittia nearctica, D. nordenskioeldi and P. alaskensis consistently formed a strongly supported clade in the present mitochondrial data sets. In nad1 data, these three species formed an unresolved clade with very low genetic divergence, suggesting that they all might be conspecific. However, cox1 data and concatenated data suggested that D. nearctica and D. nordenskioeldi + P. alaskensis represent separate sister species with distinct genetic divergence. As D. nordenskioeldi and P. alaskensis also show considerable overlap in their morphological features, P. alaskensis becomes a synonym of D. nordenskioeldi. Douthittia nearctica is retained as a valid species because of its phylogenetic and morphological distinction from D. nordenskioeldi and P. alaskensis (see Haukisalmi & Henttonen 2007). Douthittia spp. are part of a larger clade, which also includes an undescribed, basal species of Douthittia, Diandrya composita (cox1 data) and Beringitaenia nanushukensis n. sp. The phylogenetic association between Diandrya, D. nordenskioeldi and P. alaskensis (the latter then as P. primordialis) has been suggested earlier by the concatenated 28S+ITS1+ cox1 data of Wickström et al. (2005). The basal Douthittia sp. from Myodes rutilus from British Columbia (Canada) was not described as new because of its morphological similarity with other Douthittia species, especially D. nearctica. As yet, there are no molecular data for D. primordialis and D. bairdi.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.038 | 0.014 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".