Bibliographic record
Abstract
112. Davies’s Big-eared Bat Glyphonycteris daviesi French: Glyphonyctere de Davies / German: Davies-GroRohrblattnase / Spanish: Glifonicterio de Davies Other common names: Davies's Graybeard Bat, Graybeard Bat Taxonomy. Barticonycteris daviesi Hill, 1965, Guyana, Cuyuni-Mazaruni, “Forest reserve 24 miles [= 39 km] from Bartica, along the Potaro road [Cuyuni-Mazaruni], British Guiana [= Guyana].” Glyphonycteris daviesi was originally described as the only species of Barticonycteris and later was included in Micronycteris, subgenus Glyphonycteris. Monotypic. Distribution. Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, E Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, Brazil, Ecuador, E Peru, and N Bolivia; also on Trinidad I; expected in Nicaragua. Descriptive notes. Head-body 61-84 mm, tail 5~ 11 mm, ear 24-31 mm, hindfoot 15-20 mm, forearm 51-59 mm; weight 18-30 g. Davies’s Big-eared Bat is a large species of Glyphonycteris. Fur is long, loose, and woolly. Dorsal hair is dark grayish brown to dark brownish gray; hairs are uniformly colored for most of their length but have slightly paler tips and slightly paler bases. Underside of chin and throat has longer hairs, grayish brown for most oftheir length but tipped with grayish white. Fringe of short whitish hairs occurs under lowerlip. Snout is compressed, lips and upper chin are haired, and lowerlip has pair of smooth pads forming V on the chin. Ears are not connected by interauricular band. Fourth metacarpal is shortest, and fifth is longest; caudal membrane is developed;tail is short, reaching middle of the uropatagium; and calcar is shorter than foot. Dental formulais11/2,C1/1,P 2/3, M 3/3 (x2) = 32. Upperincisors (I')are large (as long as canines) and project forward. Habitat. Mainly lowlands and primary wet tropical forest, secondarily little-disturbed forests, and infrequently cultivated areas (always close to primary forests) at elevations of 180-1030 m. Davies's Big-eared Bat has been captured in terra firma and seasonally inundated forest. Colombian specimens came from the Llanos region, characterized by savannas,riparian forests, and palm swamps. Food and Feeding. Peculiar dentition of Davies's Big-eared Bat suggests that it might have an unusual diet. It appearsto be a gleaning insectivore.It eats cockroaches, dragonflies, and katydids taken from vegetation or the ground and carried back to a feeding roost before eating. Davies's Big-eared Bat is large enough to capture small vertebrates such as Norops lizards. A small frog was found in one stomach in Panama; other stomach samples from Brazil included parts of a moth larva (family Lasiocampidae, probably a species of Euglyphis) and remains of other insects. Perhaps its dentition is adapted to gnaw through some materials to secure some ofits prey or to create its roosts. Breeding. Lactating Daviess Big-eared Bats were reported in March (Panama) and August (Brazil and Peru); a pregnant female with a 33mm fetus was found in August (Peru). An adult male, two adult females (one lactating), a subadult male, and a young female were reported in August (Amazonas Department, Peru). In Bahia, Brazil, two females reported in July were not pregnant or lactating. Activity patterns. Davies's Big-eared Bat is nocturnal. Recorded flight times are early in evening and 21:15 h to dawn. In Peru, it roosts in hollow trees, in one case 3 m aboveground. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Groups of 3-5 Davies's Big-eared Bats have been reported roosting together in Peru. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. In Bolivia, Davies's Big-eared Bat is assessed as endangered. It is rare, patchily distributed, and poorly known. Deforestation and resulting problems of habitat loss and fragmentation probably affect several populations in Central America, Chocé ecoregion in northwestern Ecuador, and northern Bolivia. Bibliography. Aguirre & Teran (2007), Gregorin & Rossi (2005), Hill (1965), LaVal & Rodriguez-Herrera (2002), McCarthy & Ochoa (1991), Medina-Fitoria & Saldana (2012), Morales-Martinez & Suérez-Castro (2014), Nogueira, Peracchi & Moratelli (2007), Pine et al. (1996), Solari et al. (1999), Tirira (2017), Tirira et al. (2016), Tuttle (1970), Williams & Genoways (2008).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".