Bibliographic record
Abstract
21. Bromus secalinus Linnaeus (1753: 76). Fig. 67. Bromus mollis var. secalinus (L.) Hudson (1778: 49). Avena secalina (L.) Salisbury (1796: 22). Serrafalcus secalinus (L.) Babington (1843: 374). Forasaccus secalinus (L.) Bubani (1901: 388). Type:—EUROPE. habitat in Europae agris secalinis arenosis, Anon. (neotype LINN-93.1!, designated by Smith 1985: 498). Bromus submuticus Steudel (1854: 351). Type:— UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Missouri: St. Louis, 1838, N. Riehl s.n. (isotype US-865472! fragm.). Plants annual. Culms 23–130 cm tall, 1–5(–7) mm wide at base, smooth; nodes 3–5, finely to densely retrorsely pubescent, hairs 0.1–0.4 mm long. Leaf sheaths glabrous or sparsely pilose, hairs soft, 0.5–0.6 mm long; auricles absent; ligules 1.7–2.8 mm long, glabrous, apex erose; blades 8–28.5 cm × 2–9 mm, flat, abaxial surface pilose, hairs up to 1.5(–2) mm long, soft and wavy, adaxial surface glabrous with occasional hairs up to 0.5 mm long, margins smooth. Panicles 11–22 cm × 2–9 cm, open, branches stiffly erect, sometimes secund, one or more lower branches usually longer than spikelet, smooth to scabrous, 1–3 spikelets per branch. Spikelets 1–2 cm long, 5–12- flowered, ovate-lanceolate, terete to slightly compressed, rachilla zigzagged and visible at maturity; glumes glabrous or scabrous, margins serrulate, midnerves glabrous, occasionally scabrous distally; lower glumes 3.6–4.9 mm long, oblong to ovate, 3–5(–7)-nerved; upper glumes 4.2–6.1 mm long, ovate to elliptic, 7–nerved, sometimes mucronate, mucros 0.2–0.6 mm long; lemmas 6–7.7 mm × 1.6–3 mm, obovate-lanceolate, apex entire or minutely bifid, the cleft 0.1–0.2 mm deep, 7–9-nerved, nerves not conspicuous, backs glabrous and shiny, occasionally scabrous distally, margins dinstinctly inrolled in fruit; awns 1–6.5 mm long, occasionally reduced to mucro or absent, arising 0.5–0.7 mm below lemma apex, usually straight, occasionally twisted once near base, widest at base; paleas ± equal in length to lemmas, apex usually visible at lemma summit, backs glabrous, keels ciliate, cilia up to 0.3 mm long; anthers 1–1.3 mm long; caryopses 6−7 mm long, U- or V-shaped, margins strongly infolded in cross section. 2 n = 28. Distribution: —Introduced. Bromus secalinus is known in México from two collections from Veracruz (Fig. 68); Beetle (1987) noted that the species is not established in Veracruz. Its current status in México is unknown. Bromus secalinus is native to Europe. In North America north of México it occurs throughout the U.S.A. and southern Canada (Pavlick & Anderton 2007). Ecology:— Waste places and fields. Elevation: 2100–2135 m. Common Names: —cheat, cheat chess, cheatgrass, chess, chess brome, ryebrome, ryebrome (English). Specimens Examined:— MÉXICO. Veracruz: La Joya, 19.56667°N, 96.5°W, 2100 m, 9 September 1980, M.T. Mejía Saulés M-212 (ARIZ-233857, MEXU-1098058); Mpio. Rafael Ramirez, Toxtlacuayan, 2135 m, 19.6167°N, 97.07°W, 16 September 1982, T. Mejía S. 949 (MEXU).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.034 | 0.031 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".