Bibliographic record
Abstract
FAMILY Tyrannosauridae Osborn, 1906 GENUS Tyrannosaurus Osborn, 1905 Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn, 1905 Material. YPM VP 057488(A) and YPM VP 057488B, two isolated digital pedal phalanges II-2 and III-2 of the left foot. Horizon and locality. Upper Cretaceous Lance Formation, Buck Creek, 37 km north of Lusk, Wyoming, USA. Description. In this description the two isolated digital pedal phalanges are referred to as II-2 YPM VP 057488(A) and III-2 YPM VP 057488(B). Pedal phalanx II-2 YPM VP 057488(A) (Figure 5 A–F) is missing a small portion of the distal articular region.The entire length of the phalanx is 16.5 cm. The specimen YPM VP 057488(A) compares well with pedal phalanx II-2 of other examples of Tyrannosaurus rex (e.g., FMNH PR 2081; Figure 6 A–C). In all other tyrannosaurids, including T. rex, the pes phalanx II-2 is constricted at the middle and has expanded proximal and distal articular regions (Brochu 2003), which is the same in YPM VP 057488(A).The long axis of phalanx II-2 YPM VP 057488(A) is not parallel to the sagittal plane and slopes medially (Brochu 2003; Carrano 2007). The dorsal surface of the phalanx is narrower than the ventral surface, which is a common characteristic of tyrannosaurid theropods, including T. rex (Brochu 2003). The proximal articular region of phalanx II-2 YPM VP 057488(A) is concave and oval as in other tyrannosaurids from the coeval Hell Creek, Willow Creek and Scollard formations of the northwestern United States and southwestern Canada. As in other tyrannosaurids, phalanx II-2 YPM VP 057488(A) has ventral rugosities that are adjacent to the proximal articular surface (Brochu 2003). These rugosities are well developed within the ventral surface and ventrolateral grooves (Brochu 2003). YPM VP 057488(A) preserves the lateral and medial distal condyles, which contain deep ligament pits. In large tyrannosaurids like Tyrannosaurus rex the distal condyles of the proximal pedal phalanges are cleft and asymmetrical (Carr and Williamson 2000; Brochu 2003). This characteristic morphology is also evident in YPM VP 057488(A). Pedal phalanx III-2 YPM VP 057488(B) (Figure 7 A–F) is missing a portion of the dorsoanterior surface. The entire length of the phalanx is 12. 5 cm. YPM VP 057488(A) compares well with pedal phalanx III-2 of other examples of Tyrannosaurus rex (e.g., FMNH PR 2081; Figure 8 A–C). The phalanx is shorter distally and constricted at the middle, with expanded proximal and distal articular regions (Brochu 2003). The proximal articular region for the articulation with the corresponding pedal phalanx is concave and oval. The ventrolateral surface of the proximal articular region is rugose as in other tyrannosaurids. These rugosities are large and situated within the ventral and ventrolateral grooves of the phalanx (Brochu 2003). In dorsal view the lateral and medial condyles of the phalanx have linear margins, which are symmetrical. The ligament pits are circular, deep and are visible in dorsal view. The distal articular region of the phalanx is trapezoidal, as in other tyrannosaurids including T. rex.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".