Squalus suckleyi Girard 1854

Squalus suckleyi (Girard, 1854) Spotted spiny dogfish Fig. 1; Table 2 Spinax (Acanthias) suckleyi Girard, 1854: p. 196. “Specimens about twenty nine inches long.” (Girard, 1854) from Fort Steilacomb, Puget Sound, Washington Territory, United States of America. Acanthias suckleyi: Suckley, 1860: p. 367. Acanthias sucklii: Girard, 1858: p. 368. Acanthias vulgaris: Bleeker, 1853: p. 21; Ishikawa & Matsuura, 1897: p. 61. Squalus acanthias: Jordan & Gilbert, 1881: p. 458; Jordan & Gilbert, 1883: p. 17; Schmidt, 1904: p. 287; Pavlenko, 1910: p. 11; Berg, 1911: p. 71; Soldatov & Lindberg, 1930: p. 16; Bigelow & Schroeder, 1934: p. 17, fig. 16; Roedel & Ripley, 1950: p. 27, 61, fig. 45; Herald & Ripley, 1951: 321–322; Roedel, 1953: p. 23, fig. 20; Okada, 1955: p. 21, fig.; Roedel, 1962: p. 22; Jensen, 1966: p. 527–554, fig. 1; Ueno, 1971: p. 69; Ketchen, 1972: 1717; Miller & Lea, 1972: pp. 34, 38, fig.; Hart, 1973: pp. 44–47, fig.; Ketchen, 1975: 43; Anderson et al., 1979: 257; Hubbs et al., 1979: p. 3; Castro, 1983: p. 55, fig.; Eschmeyer et al., 1983: p. 23, pl. 2; Masuda et al., 1984: p. 9, pl. 10–G; Ketchen, 1986: p. 1–88, fig. 1; Amaoka et al., 1989: p. 256.; Orlov, 1998: tab. 2; Mecklenburg et al., 2002: p. 88, fig.; Nakabo, 2002: p. 155; Ebert, 2003: p. 63–66, fig.; Tok, 2004: tab. 2, p. 132; Compagno et al., 2005: p. 73, plate 3; Stevenson et al., 2007: 20 Squalus mitsukurii: Tanaka, 1908: p. 236; Tanaka, 1917: pp. 471–474, pl. 130 (368, 369, 370); Jordan & Metz, 1913: p. 4, fig. 2. Squalus suckleyi: Jordan & Hubbs, 1925: 105; Fang & Wang, 1932: p. 246; Walford, 1935: p. 42, fig. 40; Schultz, 1936: p. 131; Clemens & Wilby, 1946: p. 59, fig. 19; Mori, 1952: p. 22; Clemens & Wilby, 1961: p. 81, fig.22. Squalus sucklii: Gill, 1862: p. 499; Jordan & Starks, 1895: p. 789; Jordan & Evermann, 1896: p. 54; Jordan & Gilbert, 1899: p. 434; Evermann & Goldsborough, 1907: p. 228; Starks & Morris, 1907: p. 168; Garman, 1913: pp. 194–195; Halkett, 1913: p. 41; Starks, 1917: p. 152, fig. 62; Daniel, 1934: pp. 37, 154, fig. 147. Squalus wakiyae: Tanaka, 1918: p. 475. Neotype. CAS 227267, adult male 674 mm TL, Hood Canal, Puget Sound, Washington, USA, 30 m depth, 47°22′ N, 123° 0 5′ W, 55 m, 0 3 August 2007. Other material. 11 specimens. CAS 227268, adult male 760 mm TL, CAS 227269, adult male 691 mm TL, CAS 227270, adult male 703 mm TL, CAS 227271, adult male 805 mm TL, CAS 227272, adult male 725 mm TL, Central/South Puget Sound, Washington, USA, 15 m depth, 47°22′ N, 122°24′ W, 110 m, 28 September 2007; CAS 227273, adult male 707 mm TL, North Puget Sound, Washington, USA, 2007; CAS 21424, male 380 mm TL, San Francisco Bay, California; CAS 25319, female 213 mm TL, Puget Sound, Washington State, USA; DAE 990624–01, male 360 mm TL, Monterey Bay, California, USA; DAE 990624– 0 2, female 316 mm TL, Monterey Bay, California, USA; DAE 990624–03, female 332 mm TL, Monterey Bay, California, USA. Diagnosis. A large-sized, slender bodied Squalus with the following combination of characters: body slender, trunk height 10.8 (8.3–12.0)% TL; snout rounded, somewhat blunted at apex, relatively short, prenarial length 1.4 (1.3–1.5) times mouth width, preoral length 2.0 (2.1) times prenarial length, 9.1 (8.6– 9.5)% TL; eye moderate-sized, length 3.8 (3.2–3.9)% TL; anterior nasal flap simple, secondary lobe absent; dorsal fins small, raked; first dorsal originates just posterior to free-rear tip of pectoral fin, first dorsal-fin spine moderate, relatively narrow-based; pectoral fin lobe-like, not or weakly falcate; flank denticles broadly unicuspidate to weakly tricuspidate; adult maximum size at least 1300 mm TL. Description. Body fusiform, slender, nape somewhat humped; deepest near first dorsal-fin spine, maximum trunk height equal to trunk width; head short 23.0 (21.1–23.0)% TL; dorsal–caudal space, 11.1 (10.7–11.6)% TL. Head somewhat broad, its width 1.0 (1.0–1.1) times trunk width; depressed forward of spiracles, becoming somewhat subtriangular towards pectoral-fin origin; length 3.8 (3.6–3.9) in pre-vent length; height 0.6 times width. Snout relatively short, rounded, somewhat blunted at apex; prenarial length 1.4 (1.3–1.5) times mouth width, prenarial length 1.2 (1.2–1.3) times eye length, 0.6 times interorbital space; prenarial length 2.0 (2.1–2.1) in preoral length. Eye oval, moderate-sized, length 3.8 (4.1–4.4) in head, 2.3 (1.7–2.2) times its height; strongly notched posteriorly. Spiracle moderate-sized, broadly crescentic, with a shallow lobe-like fold on posterior margin, and about equidistant between snout tip and pectoral-fin origin, 0.5; greatest diameter nearly equidistant to eye-spiracle length. Gill slits directed slightly anterodorsally from bottom to top; first four near equal in size, fifth slightly longer, height of fifth slit 2.2 (2.0–2.6)% TL. Mouth almost transverse, upper jaw weakly concave, width 1.4 (1.4–1.6) in preoral length; upper labial furrows about 1.6 (1.2–1.7) times length of lower furrows; prominent postoral groove, subequal in length to upper labial furrows, extending posterolaterally from angle of jaws. Teeth oblique, bladelike, and similar in upper and lower jaws; upper teeth unicuspid, interlocking, blade-like, cusps directed strongly laterally, low; tooth base broader than length of its cusp; two series of functional teeth in upper jaw, three (sometimes two) series in lower jaw; teeth in upper jaw (range from left to right including median tooth if present) (13–15) – (0–1) – (12–14), total upper tooth counts range from 26–29; lower jaw (11–14) – (9–13), total lower tooth counts range from 20–27. Nostrils small, almost transverse; anterior nasal flap single lobed; lobe broadly triangular and somewhat flattened; internarial space 2.3 (2.3–2.5) in preoral length, 3.5 (3.4–3.5) times nostril length. Dermal denticles on flank below first dorsal fin very small, loosely spaced and non-imbricate; crowns elevated, quadrate, broadly unicuspidate with pronounced median ridge; median ridge commencing anterior of rest of crown, with a mesial furrow developing anteriorly and converging rapidly towards posterior tip of crown; posterior portion of cusp strongly produced, pungent; lateral portion of crown very short; denticles mostly unicuspidate with some weakly tricuspidate. First dorsal fin small, raked, broadly rounded apically; anterior margin relatively straight; upper posterior margin almost straight, not vertical, instead directed very slightly anterodorsally from bottom to top, very weakly concave near free rear tip; free rear tip very thick basally, short; inner margin of fin almost straight; origin posterior to free-rear tip of pectoral fins; first dorsal-fin midpoint pectoral-fin insertion closer to pectoral-fin origin than to pelvic-fin origin; fin-spine origin slightly posterior to pectoral-fin free rear tips; spine base relatively narrow, exposed anteriorly well below junction of spine and soft portion of fin; spine tapering slightly distally, anterior margin almost straight; spine shorter than exposed portion of second dorsalfin spine; pre-first dorsal length 2.9 (2.8–3.0) times in TL; first dorsal-fin length 2.0 (2.0–2.2) times its height, 1.1 (1.0–1.2) times second dorsal-fin length; first dorsal-fin height 2.0 (2.0–2.1) times second dorsal-fin height. Second dorsal fin small, strongly raked; anterior margin moderately convex, apex broadly rounded; posterior margin moderately concave; free rear tip moderately elongate, inner margin length 1.5 (1.4–1.6) times fin height; second dorsal-fin length 3.8 (3.7–3.8) times its height; exposed spine length 1.1 (1.0–1.2) in height of fin; fin-spine origin over free rear tip of pelvic fins; exposed second spine broad-based; spine robust, acutely pointed distally, curving slightly posteriorly, tapering rapidly just above point of exposure, spine tip not extending to level of insertion of fin; interdorsal space about equidistant in prepectoral length, 1.5 (1.5– 1.8) in pre-first dorsal length; interdorsal ridge weak. Pectoral fin moderate, anterior margin slightly greater than length, moderately convex; inner margin moderately convex, length 6.5 (5.6–7.4)% TL; apex broadly rounded, lobe-like, not or weakly falcate; posterior margin moderately concave, free rear tip broadly rounded; fin base very short, 2.5 (2.1–2.5) in length of anterior margin. Pelvic fins moderate-sized, anterior and posterior margins nearly straight, apex broadly rounded, free rear tip somewhat acute. Caudal peduncle very long, tapering slightly to caudal fin; subcircular in cross-section anteriorly, slightly depressed and broadly semicircular posteriorly; dorsal precaudal pit weakly developed, ventral pit absent; lateral keels well developed, originating below or slightly posterior to second dorsal-fin insertion, terminating just posterior to lower caudal-fin insertion; pelvic–caudal space 0.9 (0.9–1.1) in pectoral–pelvic space, 1.1 (1.0–1.2) in prepectoral length; dorsal–caudal space 2.0 (1.8– 2.0) in interdorsal length. Caudal fin relatively short, dorsal margin nearly straight, apex broadly rounded; apex of lower lobe narrowly angular; dorsal caudal margin 1.4 (1.3–1.4) in head length; length of lower caudal lobe 1.8 (1.8–1.9) in upper lobe length. Spiral valve count range from non-voucher specimens: 12–13. Vertebral count range from non-voucher specimens: 97–106. Genetics. The average length of the COI region sequenced was 650.4 bp, with lengths ranging from 593– 652 bp (the large majority of samples were sequenced for all 652 bp of the DNA barcode region). The neighbour joining tree of K2P distances (Figure 2) clearly shows separation into two clades, one comprising S. suckleyi and one comprising S. acanthias, with 98% bootstrap support for the two clades. The S. suckleyi clade included all the North Pacific specimens, from Japan and from the west coast of Canada and the United States. The S. acanthias clade included all specimens from the North Atlantic (Iceland, the United Kingdom, an

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.