Euarestoides acutangulus

Euarestoides acutangulus (Thomson, 1869) Figs. 4–6, 18–21, 39, 45, 51, 58 Trypeta acutangula Thomson 1869: 583 [description; California]; Coquillett 1899: 265 [as synonym of E. abstersus]. Tephritis acutangula: Loew 1873: 335 [n. comb.]; Woodworth 1913: 137 [California]; Cresson 1931: 4 [review]; Knowlton & Harmston 1937: 145 [Utah]. Trypeta (Tephritis) acutangula: Osten Sacken 1878: 194 [catalog]. Trupanea acutangula: Schwitzgebel & Wilbur 1943: 5 [biology]. Trupanea (Euarestoides) acutangula: Benjamin 1934: 58 [classification, status]. Euarestoides acutangula: Hering 1941: 165 [Peru]; Aczél 1950: 293 [catalog]; Quisenberry 1951: 59 [taxonomy]; Foote 1958: 291 [review]; Foote & Blanc 1963: 23 [review, California]; Lipp & Schulz 1970: 27 [ecology]. Euarestoides acutangulus: Foote 1965: 669 [catalog]; Foote 1967: 24 [catalog]; Harris & Piper 1970: 134 [host plant]; Wasbauer 1972: 114 [host plant]; Goeden & Ricker 1974: 831 [host plants]; Goeden & Ricker 1975: 304 [host plant]; Goeden & Ricker 1976a: 49 [host plant]; Goeden & Ricker 1976b: 926, 927, 929 [host plants]; Goeden & Ricker 1976c: 1174 [host plant]; Piper 1976: 381 [biology]; Hilgendorf & Goeden 1982: 152 [host plant]; Goeden 1986: 326 [host plant]; Goeden & Ricker 1986: 42 [host plant]; Palmer 1987: 192 [host plants]; Foote et al. 1993: 158, 159, 160 [taxonomy, distribution, host plants]; Headrick & Goeden 1995: 199 [behavior]; Norrbom et al. 1999: 146 [catalog]; Headrick & Goeden 1999: 694 [behavior]. Trypeta abstersa: Cockerell 1898: 155 [New Mexico]; Cockerell 1902: 347 [New Mexico] [misidentifications]. Urellia abstersa: Doane 1899: 192 [distribution]; Wulp 1900: 426 [Mexico]; Snow 1903: 219 [Kansas]; Snow 1904: 345 [Arizona]; Tucker 1907: 105 [Colorado]; Aldrich 1913: 218 [Great Basin] [misidentifications]. Euaresta abstersa: Johnson 1903: 106 [New Mexico]; Cresson 1907: 106 [New Mexico, Texas]; Cole 1912: 158 [California]; Woodworth 1913: 137 [California] [misidentifications]. Trypanea abstersa: Hendel 1914: 81 [Chile, Peru records] [misidentification]. Tephritis abstersa: Janes & Thomas 1932: 103 [Utah] [misidentification]. Euarestoides abstersa: Hering 1941: 164 [Chile, Peru records] [misidentification]. Trupanea abstersa: Stuardo 1946: 135 [Chile] [misidentification]. Diagnosis. This species differs from E. bimaculatus and E. rionegrensis in having a completely darkened border on the anterodistal margin of the reticulate area between the pterostigma and crossvein r-m. It differs from E. abstersus and E. pereirai in having the apical ray in cell r 1 much narrower than the subapical ray, and from E. abstersus and E. dreisbachi in having the reticulate area between the pterostigma and crossvein r-m discontinuous, interrupted by large hyaline spots (Figs. 4–6). It further differs from E. dreisbachi in having the aculeus with the lateral margin serrate, and the apical lobe of the acrophallus parallel-sided. It further differs from E. pereirai in lacking a distinct dark spot in cell r 4+5 within the stellate mark, the medial prensiseta straight, and the acrophallus with a projecting apical lobe. Description. Body length 2.60–4.45 mm, dark brown in ground color. Setae generally pale brown to brown. Head: Slightly higher (0.74–0.92 mm) than long (0.46–0.54 mm). Generally yellowish, frons yellow to orange, ocellar tubercle brown to dark brown, and occiput brown medially and with broad brown mark sublaterally extended nearly to vertical setae. Frons length (0.36–0.40 mm) less than width at vertex (0.42–0.58 mm), slightly narrowed to anterior margin (0.46–0.48 mm). Gena with few small yellowish setulae on middle and ventral margin; genal seta acuminate, pale brown; gena height to eye long diameter ratio 0.20–0.21. Eye ovoid, long diameter 0.61–0.80 mm, width 0.46–0.52 mm. Antenna testaceous, usually yellow (rarely dark), first flagellomere longer than wide. Maxillary palpus pale brown at apex with 3 distinct acuminate setulae. Thorax: Length 1.02–1.65 mm, ground color of scutum dark brown, of scutellum dark brown with apical margin yellow. Wing (Figs. 4–6): Length 3.27–3.83 mm, width 1.19–1.32 mm. Area between pterostigma and crossvein r-m pale brown to gray reticulate, but with markings discontinuous, interrupted by large hyaline spots, with completely darkened border along anterodistal margin ending anteriorly on vein R 1 or in apex of pterostigma. Pterostigma subhyaline to yellowish, occasionally with anteromedial brown spot. Cell r 1 with 3 rays in marginal part, most proximal ray narrow, medial ray broad, most distal as narrow as or subequal to proximal ray; rays bordering 3 marginal hyaline marks: largest immediately distad of pterostigma, oblique and reaching to or almost to vein R 4+5; second mark triangular, usually extending to beyond vein R 2+3; and small rounded or triangular subapical mark usually reaching vein R 2+3. Cell r 2+3 with 2 marginal hyaline marks (with complete or sometimes incomplete medial dark ray). Cell r 4+5 with apical rays complete, distinctly broader distally; without distinct medial dark spot reaching vein R 4+5 near base of apical rays within the subapical stellate mark; subbasal hyaline spot near anterior end of crossvein dm-m large, more than ¾ width of cell. Cells bm and cu a mostly hyaline. Cells br, dm, and m 4 and anal lobe pale brown to gray reticulate with large hyaline spots, markings mostly narrowly connected. Dark ray over crossvein dm-m and 2 dark rays crossing cell m 1 all reaching posterior wing margin. Basal marginal hyaline mark in cell m 1 usually reaching vein M 1 (first ray and ray on dm-m sometimes faintly connected). Halter yellow. Legs: Entirely yellow. Abdomen: Ground color usually dark brown (sometimes base of syntergite 1+2 yellowish). Female terminalia: Oviscape yellow to brown, length 0.77–0.90 mm, width 0.66–0.70 mm at base and 0.24–0.26 mm at apex; basal half with setulae lanceolate, white, and apical half with setulae acuminate, brown. Eversible membrane (Fig. 18) length 0.81–0.84 mm. Aculeus (Fig. 19) pale brown, length 0.70–0.75 mm, lateral margin serrate from proximal to opening of cloaca to subapically, tip (Fig. 20) triangular with elongate apex, length 0.17–0.19 mm. Spermathecae (Fig. 21) subspherical, length 0.19–0.22 mm. Male terminalia: Medial surstylus with prensisetae equal and straight (Fig. 39). Phallapodeme 0.37–0.39 mm long. Glans (Fig. 51) 0.23–0.25 mm long, acrophallus with straight, cylindrical apical lobe; vesica ca. ¼ length of internal sclerites. Distribution. Nearctic and Neotropical. Central Canada (Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan), Chile (Antofagasta, Coquimbo, Santiago, Tarapacá), Colombia (Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Valle del Cauca), Cuba (Artemisa), Dominican Republic (Pedernales, San Cristóbal), Ecuador (Azuay, El Oro, Loja), Mexico (Baja California, Baja California Sur, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Durango, Michoacán, Nayarit, Oaxaca, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Zacatecas), Peru (Arequipa, Cusco, Huánuco, Ica, La Libertad, Lima, Tacna), Puerto Rico (Isabela), Trinidad & Tobago (Trinidad), central and western USA (Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming), and western Venezuela (Lara, Mérida, Trujillo) (Fig. 58). Elevational records range from 457 to 3900 m. The gap in distribution in Central America suggests that this species may have been introduced to South America. Biology. This species has been reared from flowerheads of at least 21 species of Asteraceae. The reported host plants are mainly in the tribe Heliantheae, including: Ambrosia acanthicarpa Hook. (Goeden & Ricker 1974), A. ambrosioides (Delpino) W. W. Payne (Piper 1976), A. chamissonis (Less.) Greene (= Franseria villosa Rydb.) (Foote 1958; Wasbauer 1972; Piper 1976; Goeden 1986), A. chenopodiifolia (Benth.) W. W. Payne (Foote 1958; Foote & Blanc 1963; Goeden & Ricker 1976), A. confertiflora DC. (Goeden & Ricker 1975), A. deltoidea (Torr.) W. W. Payne (Piper 1976), A. dumosa (A. Gray) W. W. Payne (Goeden & Ricker 1976; Headrick & Goeden 1995), A. eriocentra (A. Gray) W. W. Payne (Goeden & Ricker 1976), A. ilicifolia (A. Gray) W. W. Payne (Goeden & Ricker 1976), A. psilostachya DC. (Goeden & Ricker 1976; Piper 1976), A. salsola (Torr. & A. Gray) Strother & B. G. Baldwin (Foote 1958; Goeden & Ricker 1986; Headrick & Goeden 1995, as Hymenoclea salsola), Dicoria canescens A. Gray (Goeden & Teerink 1993), Heliomeris sp. (new data, 1 male reared), Iva axillaris Pursh (Goeden & Teerink 1993), and I. hayesiana A. Gray (Wasbauer 1972), Parthenium hysterophorus L. (new data), Xanthium strumarium L. (Foote 1958, as X. canadense, unclear if record based on reared specimens) and Xanthium sp. (Foote 1958; Foote & Blanc 1963). However, several non-Heliantheae hosts also have been reported, including: Anaphalis margaritacia (L.) Benth. & Hook. f. (Gnaphalieae) (Wasbauer 1972); Arnica chamissonis Less. subsp. foliosa (Nutt.) Maguire (Madieae) (Foote & Blanc 1963); Gaillardia aristata Pursh (Foote 1958), and Helenium autumnale L. (Helenieae) (Wasbauer 1972). Ericameria paniculata (Gray) Rydb. (Astereae) (Foote 1958; Wasbauer 1972, as Chrysanthemum [presumably error for Chrysothamnus] paniculatus), Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britton & Rusby (Astereae) (Foote 1958), and Senecio flaccidus var. douglasii (DC.) B. L. Turner & T. M. Barkley (Senecioneae) (Foote 1958, record probably based on California specimens listed by Foote & Blanc 1963: 23 “ex” this plant and probably not reared) also have been reported as hosts, but the status of these records is questionable as they may have been based on adults collected on the plants. Asparagus officinalis L. (as asparagus), Medicago sativa L. (as alfalfa), Prunus virginiana L. (as chokecherry), Sesuvium sessile Pers., Sisymbrium sp., Sphaeralc

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