Bromus catharticus Vahl 1791

6. Bromus catharticus Vahl (1791: 22). Figs. 21–23. Ceratochloa cathartica (Vahl) Herter (1940: 144). Type:— PERU. In siccis cultis prope Lima, J. Dombey s.n. (lectotype P-JU, designated by Pinto-Escobar 1976: 12, isolectotype P-00624390!). Festuca unioloides Willdenow (1803a: 3, pl. 2). Ceratochloa unioloides (Willd.) Palisot de Beauvois (1812: 75, t. 15, f. 7). Bromus unioloides (Willd.) Raspail (1825: 439), nom. hom. illeg. Bromus willdenowii Kunth (1829: 134). Tragus unioloides (Willd.) Panzer ex Jackson (1895: 1099), nom. illeg. Type:— UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Cultivated: grown at Berlin from seed from Carolinas, USA (holotype B-Willd.-02103!). Bromus unioloides Kunth in Humboldt et al. (1816: 151). Schedonorus unioloides (Kunth) Roemer & Schultes (1817: 709). Zerna unioloides (Kunth) Lindman (1918: 101). Type:— ECUADOR. Pichincha, Humboldt & Bonpland 2286 (holotype P-00669420!, isotypes P-00152246!, US-01009587! fragm. ex P, BAA-00001639!). Bromus brongniartii Kunth (1833: 421), replacement name. Replaced name: Bromus strictus Brongniart in Duperrey (1829 [1831]: 45) nom. hom. illeg. Blocking name: Bromus strictus Scopoli (1772: 79). Type:— BRAZIL. Santa Catarina: 1825, D’Urville s.n. (holotype P-00624387!, isotypes US-00601098! fragm. ex P, BAA fragm.). Ceratochloa haenkeana Presl (1830: 285). Bromus haenkeanus (J.S. Presl) Kunth (1833: 416). Bromus unioloides var. haenkeanus (J.S. Presl) Shear (1900: 52). Type:— CHILE. T. Haenke s.n. (holotype PR, isotypes MO-128816!, USA0865713! fragm. ex PR). Ceratochloa secunda Presl (1830: 285). Bromus preslii Kunth (1833: 416, 545), replacement name. Blocking name: Bromus secundus Presl (1830: 263). Type:— PERU. T. Haenke s.n. (holotype PR, isotype US-A0865714! fragm. ex PR). Ceratochloa breviaristata Hooker (1840: 253). Forasaccus breviaristatus (Hook.) Lunell (1915: 225). Type:— UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Lewis and Clark's River and near sources of the Columbia, 1826, Douglas s.n. (holotype K, isotype US-A0865710! fragm. ex K). Bromus unioloides var. sanjuaninus Hieronymus (1881: 69). Type:— ARGENTINA. San Juan: December 1875, S. Echegary s.n. (holotype CORD-00001541!, isotypes BAA-00001645! fragm. ex CORD). Bromus angustatus Pilger (1898: 719). Type:— BOLIVIA. La Paz, Lake Titicaca Stübel 60C (holotype B, isotype USA0865509! fragm. ex B). Bromus unioloides var. montanus Hackel in Stuckert (1904: 144). Type:— ARGENTINA. Córdoba: Cueva del arroyo de los tabaquillos, Sierra de Achala, 2200 m, 24 December 1901, T. Stuckert 10855 (holotype W-19160013939!, isotype USA0865477 fragm. ex W, CORD-00001540!). Bromus unioloides f. chasmogama subf. achalensis Hackel in Stuckert (1911: 172). Type:— ARGENTINA. Córdoba: Estancia Pampa de San Luis, Achala, 2000 m, T. Stuckert 20651 (holotype W-19160032887!, isotype CORD). Plants annual, biennial or short-lived perennial, not rhizomatous. Culms 20–120 cm tall, 2–4(–5) mm wide at base, erect or decumbent, glabrous below inflorescences; nodes 3–4, glabrous. Leaf sheaths pubescent or pilose, hairs up to 1.2 mm long; auricles absent; ligules 2–5(–6) mm long, lacerate, glabrous or pubescent; blades up to 32 cm × 2–10 mm, usually flat, sometimes conduplicate, adaxial surfaces scabrous or pubescent on the nerves, hairs up to 0.5 mm long, glabrous between the nerves, abaxial surfaces glabrous to weakly pubescent, margins serrulate. Panicles 8–30(–36) cm long, ± open, nodding, branches erect to ascending, scabrous, up to 5 spikelets per branch. Spikelets 1.5–3(–3.5) cm long, elliptic to lanceolate, 4–11-flowered, strongly laterally compressed; glumes glabrous, scabrous, or pubescent, margins hyaline, midnerves glabrous to scabrous distally, apices acute to obtuse; lower glumes 6–12 mm long, lanceolate, 3–7-nerved, green to purplish-green along and between the nerves; upper glumes 8–14 mm long, ovate-lanceolate, 9(–11)-nerved, green to purplish-green along and between the nerves; lemmas 10–20 mm long, obovate-lanceolate, strongly keeled, apices acute to obtuse, 7–11-nerved, green, greenishyellow or purplish-green along and between the nerves, glabrous or scabrous, margins hyaline, nerves glabrous to scabrous distally; awns 0.5–3.5(−4) mm long, inserted up to 0.5 mm below lemma apex, straight; paleas shorter and narrower than the lemmas, backs glabrous, strongly keeled, keels ciliate, cilia up to 0.2 mm long; anthers 0.5–1.3 mm long; caryopses 8−10 mm long, light brown. 2 n = 42 (Klos et al. 2009). Distribution:―Introduced. In México B. catharticus is known from Aguascalientes, Baja California, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Distrito Federal, Durango, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Estado de México, Nuevo León, Puebla, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, Sonora, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Zacatecas. Also known from Costa Rica (San José), Guatemala (Quezaltenango) and Panama (Chiriqui) (Fig. 24). The species is native to South America, introduced in Central America, México and across the southern United States (Pavlick & Anderton 2007) and in Europe, Australia and New Zealand (Forde & Edgar 1995). Ecology:— This species is widely distributed primarily in disturbed habitats along roadsides, washes and rocky slopes in pine-oak woodlands; associated with Pinus Linnaeus (1753: 1000) spp., Quercus spp., Kochia scoparia (Linnaeus 1753: 221) Schrader (1809: 85), Bidens Linnaeus (1753: 831), Salsola Linnaeus (1753: 222), Chenopodium album Linnaeus (1753: 219) and Parthenium incanum Kunth in Humboldt (1818: 204). Elevation: 2200–2400 m (Guatemala), 1200–2700 m (Costa Rica), 5–100 m (México, Baja California), 1370–3130 m (México, except Baja California). Common Name: ―Rescue grass, rescue brome, prairie grass (English); bromo cebadilla, cebadilla, zacate de rescate (Spanish). Comments: ― Bromus catharticus was not reported from Guatemala by Swallen & McClure (1955) or from Panama by D'Arcy (1987). Plants in México are referable to B. catharticus var. catharticus, one of three varieties currently recognized in the species. Bromus catharticus var. rupestris (Spegazzini 1896: 76) Planchuelo & P.M. Peterson in Peterson & Planchuelo (1998: 54) is known from central and southwest Argentina, and B. catharticus var. elatus (E. Desv. in Gay 1854: 438) Planchuelo (2006: 556) is native to South America and introduced in California and New Zealand (Planchuelo 2006). In México the species is used as fodder (Saulés & Dávila Aranda 1992). Specimens Examined:― COSTA RICA. San José: Cartago, San Blas, Faldas del Irazú, 9.76°N, 83.68°W, 1500m, 23 June 1982, J. Gómez-Laurito 8609 (CR-88908); Cantón de Montes de Oca, 100m Wof Calle La Cruz, Ciudad Universitaria, 9.93°N, 84.05°W, 1200 m, 15 August 1990, M. Grayum 9931 (INB-60062); Dota, Copey, 9.5472°N, 83.8161°W, 2179 m, 22 February 2001, A. Estrada 2790, J. Sánchez & J. Solano (CR-227492); Pérez Zeledón, R. F. Los Santos, Cuenca de Savegre, San Gerardo de Dota, 9.72°N, 83.85°W, 2300–2700 m, 20 June 2004 (INB); San José, Jardín del Museo, 9.9333°N, 84.0833°W, 17 July 1942, I. Valio R. 1400 (US-2183494). GUATEMALA. Quezaltenango: near Quezaltenango, [14.83°N, 91.52°W], 2280–2400 m, 18 February–3 March 1939, P.C. Standley 66424 (F-987700); Quezaltenango Experimental Station, [14.83°N, 91.52°W], 2200 m, 7 November 1971, A. MolinaR. & AR. Molina 26947 (F-1736399, MICH-1119168); Común, floraciónprecoz, casi todo el año, 14.88°N, 89.53°W, 10 June 1954, M. de Koninck 48 (US-2151630). MÉXICO. Aguascalientes: Mpio. Aguascalientes, Arellano, 21.6167°N, 102.28°W, 1 February 1978, L.R. Chávez s.n. (MEXU-300782); Pabellón de Arteaga, 22.125°N, 102.275°W, July 1985, E. Esparza Lugo 2 (MEXU-1110851). Baja California: 3 km Nof Maneadero, 32.7667°N, 116.55°W, 5 m, 12 August 1977, R. Moran 24510 (SD-97752); Cantamar, 32.2292°N, 116.9208°W, 5 m, 4 August 1979, R. Moran 27944 (SD-104328); Cantamar, 32.2333°N, 116.9°W, 20 m, 29 April 1972, R. Moran 19106 (SD-83043, MSC-276879); City of Ensenada, 31.8694°N, 116.6156°W, 31 March 2007, F. Casillas 74 (SD-182570); La Mesa, 32.5°N, 116.9667°W, 30 m, 21 May 1977, R. Moran 24142 (SD-97259); Puesta del Sol, Tijuana, 32.5333°N, 117.0708°W, 100 m, 2 November 1980, R. Moran 29446 (SD-107261); Tecate, just Sof the border, [32.57°N, 116.63°W], 14 March 1987, R.F. Thorne, A. Liston & O. Mistretta 62109 (RSA-POM-431038); Tijuana River bottom, 32.5333°N, 117.0167°W, 20 m, 18 April 1981, R. Moran 29551 (SD-108522). Chihuahua: camino al Willis, rancho Mesa de la Avena Casas Grandes, 2570 m, 29 May 1981, R. Fierros 1270 (MEXU-1110835); km 58 carr. Bachiniva-Alvaro Obregón, [28.1278°N, 106.9139°W], 1920 m, 18 May 1994, G. Quintana & E. Estrada 2503 (NY); Ciudad Juárez, [31.739444° N, 106.486944°W], 1911, E. Stearns s.n. (NY). Coahuila: 12 mi Sof Saltillo, 25.25°N, 101°W, 1830 m, 10 August 1958, J.R. Reeder & C.G. Reeder 2911 (US-2473582); 12.9 km Eof Los Lirios on road to Laguna de Sánchez, [25.24°N, 100.42°W], 60 km SE of Saltillo, 2500 m, 9 October 1988, P.M. Peterson & C.R. Annable 6265 (CAN, US); 13 km NNE of Saltillo along Hwy. 40, 25.45°N, 101.17°W, 21 June 1964, G. Mick & K. Roe 26 (US-2630292); 2 mi W of Saltillo, road to Torreón, [25.43°N, 100.99°W], 1525 m, 2 July 1939, L.H. Harvey 1102 (MICH-1119205); 21 km SE of Saltillo on Hwy. 57 towards Matehuala, 25.247°N, 100.91°W, 2460 m, 19 September 2001, P.M. Peterson & J. Valdés-Reyna 15808 (CAN, US); 26 mi Eof Saltillo, 25.4167°N, 101.4°W, 2316 m, 3 September 1960, J.R. Reeder, C.G. Reeder & T.R. Soderstrom 3293 (US-2473584); 5 mi SE of Saltillo on Wside MEX Hwy. 57, [25.43°N, 100.99°W], 15 December 1973, A.A. Reznicek & R.S.W. Bobbette et al. 8 (MICH-1119172); Buenavista, [26.55°N, 101.267°W], 1770 m, November 1974, J. Marroquín et al. 2323 (ANSM) & 2315 (ANSM); Buenavista, jardínes y terrenos de la U.A.A.A.N., [25.4333°N, 101.0167°W], 1850 m, 4 March 1981, J.A. Villarreal s.n. (ANSM); Buenavista, Saltillo, [25.4333°N, 101.0167°W], 1770 m, 9 September 1975, R. Pelomo Garza s.n. (ANSM); ca. 2 mi Wof Cuatro Ciénegas, 26.95°N, 102.1°W, 22 April 1965, F.W. Gould 11176 (US-2474067); campus of L

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