A COMPARISON OF LEADERSHIP STYLES OF MALE AND FEMALE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS IN PRINCE GEORGE'S COUNTY, MARYLAND
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Why are there fewer women school administrators than men when so many teachers are women? Is there a difference in leadership style that would suggest that women are less effective as administrators?; In an attempt to answer these questions thirty-seven volunteer administrators (twenty males and seventeen females) and sixty-nine volunteer teachers (twenty males and forty-nine females) in Prince George's County, Maryland completed a leadership test and companion form to determine if there was a difference in leadership style that would suggest that women are less effective as administrators. This study focused on the following research questions: (1) Do male and female elementary school administrators differ in relationship orientation, task orientation, and effectiveness? (2) Do male and female administrators differ in a dominant administrative style? (3) Do elementary school administrators and their teachers differ in perceived relationship orientation, task orientation, and effectiveness? (4) Do administrators differ from their teachers in their perceptions of these administrators' dominant administrative styles? (5) Are educational levels related to the leadership style of male and female administrators?; First, the biggest significant difference that this study brought out was the discrepancy in the perceptions between administrators and teachers. Administrators (male and female) felt they were using effective leadership styles oriented to tasks and relationships. Teachers viewed administrators as using leadership styles ineffectively and superficially. Teachers also saw their administrators as less effective and task oriented than administrators saw themselves. Second, there is an inconsistency between teachers' perceptions of male administrators and male administrators' perceptions of themselves. Male administrators perceived themselves as using an ineffective leadership style that has a low orientation to tasks and relationships; yet teachers significantly rated their male administrators as more task oriented than female administrators. Third, male administrators showed a tendency to perceive themselves as using a less effective leadership style oriented to low task orientation and low relationship orientation while female administrators tended to perceive themselves as using more effective leadership style oriented to high task orientation and low relationship orientation. This would be an important difference if perception of style, based on sex, can be confirmed further.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".