The United States and International Trade Law: Challenges to World Peace
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the middle of World War II, the United States President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, met on a boat off the coast of Newfoundland to set forth a blueprint for a new, post-war international order. In the Atlantic Charter of 1941, they agreed on eight principles to shape a new world order, with one principle being the promotion of economic liberalization. This principle was later reflected in the United Nations Charter and the founding documents of other international organizations that the United States supported in the aftermath of World War II. Yet today, the United States is retrenching from international engagement in the international trade sphere. This development should not come as a surprise – a sense of inward focus has been present throughout the history of the United States. This thesis examines the history of U.S. international trade policy before and after the establishment of the multilateral trading system. The focus is on the inconsistency of the U.S. approach, and specifically the recent anti-liberalization actions in the international trading regime. The thesis documents the inconsistent position of the United States and argues that it establishes instability and undermines world peace and security, the very objective that America sought to promote in the post-World War II environment.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.014 | 0.021 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.022 | 0.012 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.007 | 0.010 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".