A Systematic Review on Environmental Factors associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Bangladesh
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: Exposure to different environmental factors appears to be widespread, detrimental to human brain development and a potential risk factor for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We conducted a systematic review on the relationship between environmental factors and ASD in Bangladesh.Methods: This paper reviews the evidence on modifiable environmental factors that have been associated, in some studies, with ASD, including socio-demographic and physical environmental factors exposures during prenatal and postnatal periods. Besides, this review is restricted to human studies with at least 50 cases of ASD, having a valid comparison group, conducted within the past two decades. Moreover, literatures searched using three electronic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, and Biomed Central) from August 2020 to January 2021, based on the PRISMA guidelines. Literatures screened by two distinguished reviewers (Khan MS; Tareq SM), and resolved differences by consensus and further discussion with third reviewer based on requirements. Then selected the eligible 21 studies based on inclusion criteria's. Two of the reviewers independently screened articles, extracted data for descriptive information and assessed risk of bias by using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS).Results: There is no article found with poor quality in NOS. The overall quality of the studies is high. There are strong association between ASD risk and some factors such as advanced maternal age, lead exposure during pregnancy and early childhood, blood Arsenic level of ASD children. Though few factors are related to increased risk of ASD; so far, no specific environmental factor has been found associated with increased risk of ASD with large power of study.Conclusion: There is appears to be a lack of such type of study in developing countries like Bangladesh. Therefore, nationwide widespread research needed to address the modifiable environmental risk factors for ASD.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 06 No. 03 July'22 Page: 237-248
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.022 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.006 | 0.006 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.013 | 0.014 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".