Substance use and associated factors among Iranian university students: a meta-analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study aimed to identify risk and protective factors associated with substance use among Iranian university students. We searched for studies in English published from January 1, 1995 to February 20, 2021, on PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science to identify primary studies on the factors associated with substance use among university students. Out of 8,481 articles, 39 studies met eligibility criteria. Our findings showed a pooled prevalence rate of alcohol use 23% (95% CI, 8% 39%), smoking 21% (95% CI, 6% 37%) and other drug use 14% (95% CI, 10% 18%) in the last year among student. Hookah use, living alone, being a current cigarette smoker, and other drug use were significantly associated with alcohol use. The findings of the present study showed that being male, older age, alcohol use, had depression, had parents or friends who smoke, and religious beliefs were significantly associated with smoking among students. This meta-analysis also showed that living alone, alcohol use, history of drug use, and hookah use were significantly associated with drug use among students. Substance use prevention programs provided by universities could be improved by signifying high-risk populations addressed by the related literature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.010 | 0.016 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.012 | 0.040 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".