Trend 1948 - 2016. International Monetary Fund. Direction of Trade Statistics: Goods, Value of Imports, Cost, Insurance, Freight (CIF), 1948-2016. Data Planet™ Statistical Ready Reference: A SAGE Publishing Resource Dataset-ID: 056-002-004.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
International Monetary Fund (2018). Direction of Trade Statistics: Goods, Value of Imports, Cost, Insurance, Freight (CIF), 1948-2016. Data Planet™ Statistical Ready Reference: A SAGE Publishing Resource [Dataset]. Dataset-ID: 056-002-004. Dataset: Shows "cost, insurance, freight" (c.i.f.) import value for each country, by trading partner. Cost, insurance, freight measures freight including cargo insurance and delivery of goods to the named port of destination (discharge) at the seller's expense. Buyer is responsible for the import customs clearance and other costs and risks. Provides statistics on the value of merchandise exports and imports disaggregated according to a country’s trading partners. Reported data are supplemented by estimates when such data are not available or current. Category: International Relations and Trade Source: International Monetary Fund Headquartered in Washington, DC, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) was conceived at a United Nations conference convened in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States, in July 1944. The 44 governments represented at that conference sought to build a framework for economic cooperation that would avoid a repetition of the vicious circle of competitive devaluations that had contributed to the Great Depression of the 1930s. As of 2015, the IMF has 188 member countries. Its primary purpose is to ensure the stability of the international monetary system, specifically the system of exchange rates and international payments that enables countries (and their citizens) to transact with one other. This system is essential for promoting sustainable economic growth, increasing living standards, and reducing poverty. The Fund’s mandate has recently been clarified and updated to cover the full range of macroeconomic and financial sector issues that bear on global stability. The IMF is a specialized independent agency of the United Nations but has its own charter, governing structure, and finances. Its members are represented through a quota system broadly based on their relative size in the global economy. http://www.imf.org/ Subject: International Trade, Imports
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.018 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.105 | 0.196 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".