The long-distance movements of organelles identified as lipid bodies in hyphae of Rhizopus arrhizus are highly organized and occur along intracellular tracks.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nutrient translocation in fungal mycelia has often been connected with cytoplasmic organelle movements. If these movements partake in nutrient translocations, they should occur over long distances within the fungal mycelium and even at long distances from the growing fungal tips. Light microscopy techniques in combination with digital image processing make it possible to study organelle movements in relatively large mycelia of <i>Rhizopus arrhizus</i> under undisturbed conditions in a closed plastic Petri dish. The movements seen under these conditions resemble long distance movement of vesicles by fast axonal transport in neurons, or organelle movements in the giant internodal cells of characean algae. The organelles follow specific paths in both directions through the main hyphae and in and out of hyphal branches and appear to connect mycelial parts several centimeters apart. The organelle velocity was between 0.9-6.6 mm s<sup>-1</sup> with an average of 3.7 mm s<sup>-1</sup>. The speed, pattern of movement and the inhibition of the movement with nocodazole indicate that microtubules are involved in the locomotion along the intracellular paths. The most prominent moving organelles were identified as lipid bodies as they were heavily stained by the organelle specific vital fluorescent dye, Nile Red. On the other hand, mitochondria were lying still and often seen lined up along the intracellular paths of movement of the other organelles when visualized by the mitochondria specific vital fluorescent dye DiOC<sub>7</sub>(3). Thus, an active translocation of lipid bodies along the intracellular paths might be responsible for carbon translocation. It is also discussed how this translocation might be directly involved in the energy homeostasis of the studied fungus.Linked under References is a short clip showing the ordered movements of organelles in an undisturbed hypha under undisturbed conditions. First shown in normal speed then 5 times faster to help our eyes to see that the organelles follows distinct paths and organelles travels on the same paths in both directions.<br>Comment: Part of this work was originally presented as a poster at Fifth International Mycological Congress, Vancouver, BC, Canada, August 14 - 21, 1994.<br>It is now made available as a preprint in its 1998 version since colleagues have asked for the data. The work was not published then since reviewers had problems accepting both digital images and image processing in Science since they still regarded photo and film as "objective and unbiased" observations. Using digital techniques to make things visible that the eyes cannot see was suspect.<br>NOTE: This preprint can be cited but citation year should be 1998 since the citations and the discussion has not been updated. Anyone thinking this work is worth publishing with peer review should feel free to help me update it. Contact me first and I will then make you first author for the submission if you are interested.Email: stefan@olssonstefan.com<br>
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".