Global research on 24-hour movement behaviours guidelines in children and adolescents: a systematic review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Compliance with 24-hour movement behaviours (24-h MB) guidelines, which encompass moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), recreational screen time (ST), and sleep, is associated with various health and developmental outcomes in children and adolescents. Despite growing research interest, a comprehensive synthesis of global research focusing on school-aged youth (5–17 years) is lacking. This systematic review mapped global research on 24-h MB guidelines in youth aged 5–17 years, charted publication trends, geographical spread, and summarised reported outcomes to inform research priorities. Methods A systematic search (June 2016-July 2024) across six databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, APA PsycInfo, Embase) identified 32,832 articles. Overall, 148 articles from 32 countries met inclusion criteria. Extracted data covered publication details, movement behaviours measures, article focus, and headline conclusion. ‘Compliance’ was defined as simultaneous adherence to all 24-h MB guidelines. Guided by the Behavioural Epidemiology Framework, articles were classified as prevalence, health and well-being, correlates, academic performance, intervention focused. Article quality was assessed with National Institute of Health tools. Results Global research on 24-h MB guidelines has grown rapidly since 2016 but remains methodologically modest, with 68% articles (n = 132) originated on six high- or upper-middle-income countries. Most articles were cross-sectional (n = 128, 87%) and investigated prevalence (n = 141, 95%) or health and well-being (n = 79, 53%), followed by correlates (n = 40, 27%), academic performance (n = 8, 5%), and interventions (n = 3, 2%). Only 3% of observational and no intervention articles were rated high quality. Globally, compliance rates with 24-h MB guidelines were low (0–53.6%), with 87% (n = 122) articles reporting below 10%. Compliance with 24-h MB guidelines was associated with lower likelihood of obesity, mental health and cardiometabolic problems, and higher physical fitness, academic performance, and cognitive function. Correlates of 24-h MB guidelines compliance included age, gender, weight status, socioeconomic status, environmental pollution, parental support, and in-person schooling. Interventions promoting 24-h MB guidelines showed promising outcomes. Conclusions Current research on 24-h MB guidelines is geographically skewed, with only 7% of articles on low- and middle-income countries data. Most evidence was cross-sectional, and no article achieved high methodological quality Future research should focus on under-represented regions, use longitudinal and experimental designs, and assess key outcomes such as academic performance to inform policy and practice for improving youth health and well-being globally.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.020 | 0.093 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.009 | 0.006 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.014 | 0.017 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".