Controls and rates of acid production in commercial-scale sulphur blocks
Bibliographic record
Abstract
production from bitumen upgrading at oilsand mines in northern Alberta is expected to increase to 5.7 Mt by 2017 (ERCB, 2008).0 is typically stored above ground in large blocks containing hundreds of thousands of cubic meters of S 0 , and with width/length dimensions of 100-200 m and depths of 10-25 m (P.Davis, personal communications).The blocks are gradually built up by pouring thin sequential lifts (<0.1 m) of molten S 0 (>115C) into areas confined by metal forms.The molten S 0 solidifies within 1 d and shrinks by 7 % during this phase change.The solid S 0 shrinks an additional 5.5 % over several days when the temperature decreases to <95C and the mineral structure changes from a monoclinic to rhombic crystal (Meyer, 1977).These volume changes result in extensive vertical and horizontal fracturing of S 0 blocks (Syncrude, 2004a; Bonstrom et al., 2009).Considering S 0 is extremely hydrophobic (Lyklema, 1995) and are typically well drained (Syncrude, 2004b), S 0 Drainage water from S blocks can be generally be described as fractured, unsaturated, and hydrophobic. 0blocks that are >20 yrs old is usually, if not always, acidic (pH <1.5; D. Wainwright, B. Goliss personal communications) as a result of S 0 oxidation (H 2 SO 4 4 2 2 2 0 2 2 3 2 SO H O H O S + +production).This reaction is described as follows:The acidic drainage at most S 0 blocks is collected in storage ponds and neutralized with lime or caustic (D.Wainwright, personal communications) or combined and neutralized with basic mine process waters (R. Carter, personal communications).This approach to managing the environmental impact of S 0 blocks requires continual monitoring and maintenance and is not a practical long-term management strategy as S 0 blocks may be in existence for several decades to hundreds of years.Alberta Sulphur Research Ltd., an organization representing the research interests of 63 S 0 -related companies internationally, has identified long-term S 0 storage that minimizes H 2 SO 4 production as an important challenge that requires further study. 1.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".