Design and Fabrication of Open-Cell Foams for Biological Organic Removal from Wastewater
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Open-cell foams consist of macroporous structures are designed and fabricated in this study to be used as biofilm carriers for biological wastewater treatment. A manufacturing approach that integrates compression molding and particulate leaching is employed to fabricate the open-cell foams. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) open-cell foams prepared by sodium chloride (NaCl) as leaching agent possessed large specific surface areas with high degrees of cell-to-cell interconnectivity and demonstrated high potential for biofilm growth and protection. Moreover, PVDF open-cell foams fabricated by 80 wt.% and 85 wt.% of NaCl, showed a soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) removal efficiency of up to 88%. sCOD indicates the soluble organic matters inside wastewater which have a significant role in water pollution. \nIn the first phase of this study, PVDF foams with different porous structures and total protected surface areas were fabricated by different types (NaCl and sodium acetate (NaOAc)) and different loadings (80 wt.% and 90 wt.%) of leaching agents. The fabricated carriers were used in batch aerobic and continuous aerobic flow wastewater treatment to evaluate their feasibility to promote the growth and protect of biofilms. In the second phase, the focus was on investigating the effects of porosity, cell morphology, and surface properties of open-cell foams on the sustainability of biofilm and their performances in biological organic removal from wastewater. For this purpose, 6 types of open-cell foams with different cell sizes and different porosities were fabricated by PVDF and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) to be used in the continuous aerobic flow wastewater treatment process.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".