Development of international trade and use of biofuels : Brazil, Canada, Finland, Netherlands, Norway and Sweden
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The international trade and use of biofuels is rapidly increasing all over the world, \nand it is projected to continue the next years according to conclusions in this report. \nThe main reasons are a global increased demand of energy, an increased awareness \nand knowledge of the environment, and the fact that conventional energy resources \nare running dry. Traditionally, has biofuels been produced and used within the \nsame geographical region. This has however started to change due to an increased \ninternational demand. Consumption, production and trade do however differ \nbetween countries due to different conditions for production and consumption of \nbiofuels. \n \nThe intention of this report has been to study the current and future consumption, \nproduction and trade of biofuels in the countries, which are participating in the IEA \nbioenergy workgroup Task 40. Participating countries in Task 40 are Brazil, \nCanada, Finland, Netherlands Norway and Sweden. The objectives has more \nprecisely been to give a survey of existing international trade of biofuels of the \nstudied countries, and a roughly estimate how the trade and use will develop in the \nfuture. In the survey has also driving forces, barriers and structures behind the \nexisting trade been recognized. \n \nThe study has been accomplished through collecting and analyse information from \nthe six countries. All participating countries has contributed with a Country report, \nwere crucial information has been presented. Information has also been collected \nfrom literature and policy documents etc. The survey of existing trade has mainly \nbeen based on country reports. The estimation of future trade has been performed \nin a few steps. First were crucial factors for the development of biofuels identified \nin order to predict the development in each country. The factors that emerged were: \nmacroeconomic-, geographical-, industrial, technical aspects and development and \npolicy measures on the energy market. Second, were above factors compared with \nreal data. And finally were the gathered information put together and analyzed. \n \nIn the survey of each countries trade of biofuels can it been seen that the \ninternational trade of biofuels is rapidly increasing; the quantities has in some cases \nbeen double in just one year. For example Netherlands import of biofuels. Barriers \nthat have been identified in the report are insufficient spreading of existing \ntechnique, institutional obstacles and problems, lack of knowledge and uncertainty, \nabsence of entrepreneurs, resistance from other interested parties, both through \ndirect and indirect resistance and lack of global professional logistics. Driving \nforces and structures behind existing trade that have been recognized are: raw \nmaterial/biomass push, market pull, utilizing the established logistics of existing \ntrade, incentives and support institutions, technical developments and innovations, \nentrepreneurs and innovators, and unexpected opportunities. \n \nIn the estimation of future production, use and trade of biofuels has it been \nconcluded that all studied countries will increase their activity within the bioenergy \nfield. The countries activities do however differ from each other. \n \nBrazil, Canada and Sweden are likely to heavily increase their production, \nconsumption and export. This is also the case for Norway the increase will however \nbe on a more moderate level. Finland and Netherlands are according to this study \nlikely to increase their consumption and import of biofuels.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".