Development of geology in Spain: a case study of a marginal science
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Geology in Spain developed outside the mainstream of major geological ideas.Geology was introduced into the country when it had already grown mature.The history of geology in Spain is series of initiatives aimed at aligning the country with the innovative currents taking place in the rest of Europe.This was accomplished by different protagonists: state and private institutions during the Enlightenment, mining engineers in the 19 th century, church and regional authorities in Catalonia in the last quarter of the 19 th century and in the early years of the 20 th century, and the university in the 20 th century.The importance of the links with foreign geologists should not be underestimated.Not until the 20 th century did improvement in living standards and university expansion allow Spanish geology to attain the critical number of scientists needed to undertake quality research and achieve full integration into the international community.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".