The development and validation of a synthetic septoplasty surgical training model
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Septoplasty surgery is a core competency for an otolaryngologist.It is performed through the relatively small nostrils and involves multiple steps, which make the procedure difficult to observe and learn.Objective: To develop and validate a high fidelity septoplasty training tool built using three-dimensional printing technology.Methods: One deviated nasal septum case was chosen from among multiple computed tomography (CT) scans.The radiographic data were exported and underwent segmentation to obtain a complete computer model and used to create a synthetic replica of a deviated nasal septum using additive manufacturing.Each printed prototype was examined by two experienced otolaryngologists and changes were made as needed.The final physical replica was then evaluated for septoplasty simulation by 20 otolaryngologists with different levels of training.A survey was completed by each participant after the simulation, and observations associated with each simulation were obtained, including the time needed to complete the simulation and the rate of complications , such as the number of flap perforations that occurred. Results:The fabricated physical replica of the nasal septum incorporated two different materials mixed to obtain different stiffnesses that approximated the properties of the nasal septum, and allowed the users to perform the basic steps of septoplasty, such as flap elevation and deviation resection.The replica was anatomically correct.The steps required to complete the simulation were found to be realistic, with scores of 4.05 (0.82) and 4.2 (1), respectively, on a 5-point Likert scale.Ninety-two percent of the residents v desired the replica to be implemented into their teaching curriculum.There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the expert, intermediate, and novice groups in the (i) time taken, (ii) nares cut, and (ii) task-specific checklist answers.However, for other performance metrics, no significant differences were found.The septoplasty taskspecific checklist and global assessment tool also yielded significant differences between results from trainees with different levels of experience. Conclusion:The replica presents a new and innovative option for the training of junior trainees in a safe environment.This is the first physical replica of the nasal septum introduced for this purpose.The findings of the study support the validity of the replica for surgical training purposes.viRésumé Présentation: La septoplastie est une des principales chirurgies réalisées par un otorhinolaryngologiste.L'intervention se fait par les voies nasales relativement étroites et comporte plusieurs étapes, qui rendent la procédure difficile à observer et à apprendre.Objectif: Développer et valider un outil de formation à la septoplasite à haute fidélité à l'aide de la technologie d'impression en trois dimensions.Méthodes: Un septum dévié a été sélectionné parmi un éventail de tomographies.Les données radiographiques ont été exportées et segmentées afin d'obtenir une reproduction informatique complète.Elles ont ensuite été utilisées afin de créer une réplique synthétique d'une cloison nasale déviée à l'aide d'une méthode de fabrication additive.Chaque prototype imprimé a été examiné par deux otorhinolaryngologistes expérimentés, qui y ont apporté les changements nécessaires.La réplique physique finale a ensuite été évaluée dans le cadre d'une simulation de septoplastie par 20 otorhinolaryngologistes possédant différents niveaux de formation.Une étude a été conduite auprès de chacun des participants après la simulation, et les observations associées à chaque simulation ont été recueillies, y compris le temps nécessaire à la réalisation de la simulation et le taux de complications, tel que le nombre de perforations de lambeau.Résultats: La réplique physique de cloison nasale est composée de deux matériaux différents combinés afin de reproduire les différentes rigidités que l'on observe dans les septums, et a permis aux utilisateurs de réaliser les principales étapes d'une
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".