Diversifying livelihoods: Hmong use and trade of forest products in northern Vietnam
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This thesis investigates the importance of forest products for Hmong highland minorities in Sa Pa district, Lao Cai province, northern Vietnam.Since their migration from Yunnan nearly two centuries ago, the Hmong in upland Vietnam have remained relatively autonomous, relying on a diverse production system including wet rice terraces, swidden fields, livestock, non-timber forest products and, more recently, for a limited number, handicraft and tourist-related activities.In 1992, the Vietnamese Government, via Decree 327, officially banned all forms of slash-and-burn practices and opium cultivation, thus cutting off highlanders from important sources of income.Drawing on qualitative field work, I examine the changing livelihood portfolios and the place of forest products within the Hmong domestic economy from the socialist to the post Đổi Mới period (1986-present) in Sa Pa district, Lao Cai province.Then, focusing on one such forest product, by using a case study of cardamom, analysed through a commodity chain approach, I detail trade networks and inter-ethnic exchange dynamics regulating the commercialisation of cardamom in Lao Cai province.As such, this study unravels the dynamic and fluid nature of Hmong livelihood strategies and the place of forest products within these livelihood portfolios. SOMMAIRECette thèse explore l'importance des produits forestiers pour la population montagnarde Hmong dans le district de Sa Pa, province de Lao Cai, au nord du Vietnam.Depuis leur migration de la province du Yunnan il y a environ trois siècles, les Hmong sont restés relativement autonomes, vivant essentiellement de riziculture en terrasses et d'abattis-brûlis, élevage de bétail, cueillette de produits forestiers non ligneux et, plus récemment, de l'artisanat et autres activités touristiques.En 1992, l'état vietnamien bannit officiellement toute forme d'agriculture d'abattis-brûlis et la culture d'opium sous le décret 327, coupant ainsi les Hmong d'importantes sources de revenus.A travers une approche qualitative, cette thèse se penche sur l'évolution historique du portfolio d'activités économiques des Hmong, examinant plus particulièrement la place des produits forestiers durant l'époque socialiste et la période post Đổi Mới (1986présent).Puis, à travers une étude de cas sur la filière de la cardamome, cette étude détaille les différents réseaux de commerce et les dynamiques d'échange inter ethniques régulant le commerce de la cardamome dans la province de Lao Cai.En somme, cette investigation démêle les stratégies de vie diverses et fluides des Hmong et la place qu'occupent les produits forestiers à l'intérieur de ces pratiques de subsistance.supported, challenged and cheered me up throughout this entire Master's project.Apart from being an intellectual accomplishment for me, the connections and friendships developed throughout this process are what made this process unique and meaningful.I first thank my supervisory committee, Drs Sarah Turner and Jean Michaud for their insights, comments and useful advice throughout this research project.I would also need to extend a special thanks to Sarah Turner for her valuable ideas,
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".