Effects of seed size and a fungal pathogen, Colletotrichum coccodes, on population dynamics of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic.)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Experiments were conducted in controlled and field conditions to determine the effect of seed size, a fungal pathogen (Colletotrichum coccodes), and soybean interspecific competition on the population dynamics of Abutilon theophrasti (velvetleaf). Seed size differences among ten individual A. theophrasti plants significantly (P < 0.001) affected seed germination and dormancy. Higher seed viability (98%) was observed among seeds having a weight above 6.0 mg. The response of A. theophrasti plants that originated from two extreme seed size groups (small <7mg and large >12mg) to the pathogen, C. coccodes, did not change over generations, and the most vigorous plants produced heavier seeds regardless of the initial seed size or infection with C. coccodes. Under field conditions, the application of C. coccodes and the herbicide, bentazon, did not affect the vegetative and reproductive biomass of A. theophrasti plants when grown in monospecific stands. However, a split application of C. coccodes and bentazon significantly reduced the aboveground biomass and reproductive output of A. theophrasti plants when grown in competition with soybean. The frequency distributions of A. theophrasti plant height, aboveground biomass, and stem diameter were positively skewed (L-shaped) when competing with soybean. However, A. theophrasti plant height and stem diameters were negatively skewed (J-shaped) and the aboveground biomass was positively skewed (L-shaped) in monospecific stands. The allometric relationships of A. theophrasti aboveground biomass and stem diameter in comparison with plant height were curvilinear when grown alone and when in the presence of soybean. However, aboveground biomass and stem diameter showed a simple linear relationship on a log-log scale in both monospecific stands and in competition with soybean.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".